Johnson, with His Team of Researchers, Is Conducting a Research

Multiple Choice

Johnson, with his team of researchers, is conducting a research that measures the amount of counseling intervention clients require to minimize the effects of their depression. He wishes to know the extent to which the intervention was helpful. However, a majority of the participants were reluctant to cooperate with him. This was because the clients were in denial of the fact that they were depressed in the first place. In this scenario, _____ would have been a responsible factor for confounding the outcomes of Johnson's research.

A) the motivation level of Johnson's clients
B) the demand characteristics of the research design
C) the psychological defenses of Johnson's clients
D) the ethnic backgrounds of Johnson's team members