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In a _____1____-control study affected individuals ( ___1___ ) are compared with control subjects that are suitably ___2___ to the ____1___ with regard to age, sex and so on. In genetic studies of complex diseases the ___1___ and controls are genotyped for genetic ___3____ in the hope of identifying ___3____ that may confer significantly increased disease risk ( ____4____ ___5____ ) or significantly reduced disease risk ( ____6____ ____5____ ). A popular way of assessing the data is to calculate an ___7___ ___8_____, that is the ___7____ of being affected if the genetic ____3____ is present divided by the odds of being affected if the genetic ____3____ is absent.