Which of the Following Is Not a Condition Needed to Establish

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is not a condition needed to establish causality?

A) There needs to be an empirical association between the independent and dependent variable.
B) The relationship between variables has to be spurious.
C) Temporal precedence needs to be established.
D) The relationship between variables has to be nonspurious.
E) All of these are conditions needed to establish causality.