Question 1

A trend design collects data at different times from

Accepted Answer

A)  the same sample. 
B)  different samples. 
C)  the same or different samples depending on the purpose of the research. 
D)  a panel specifically assembled for this purpose. 
E)  the same samples over time.

Question 2

Temporal precedence is a necessary condition for longitudinal studies.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

A study examining how attitudes about smoking influence other health behaviors,executed by surveying a random sample of city residents during the month of August is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  longitudinal research. 
B)  experimental research. 
C)  cross-sectional research. 
D)  case study research. 
E)  questionnaire research.

Question 4

When a researcher believes that two variables are related in a causal way,she will be interested in manipulating the

Accepted Answer

A)  dependent variable. 
B)  independent variable. 
C)  causal variable. 
D)  both the independent variable and the causal variable. 
E)  no variables are manipulated

Question 5

What is one way to combat issues of internal validity?

Accepted Answer

A)  Do not ask people about things that occurred in the past. 
B)  Conduct longitudinal studies versus cross-sectional studies. 
C)  Never conduct a cross-sectional design. 
D)  Conduct longitudinal studies versus cross-sectional studies AND do not ask people about things that occurred in the past. 
E)  Issues of internal validity cannot be avoided.

Question 6

If we are interested in establishing that two variables are related in a causal way (A causes B),three conditions must be satisfied.Among the following items,which is not a factor in this determination?

Accepted Answer

A)  A and B must be the result of another variable, C. 
B)  A must occur prior to B. 
C)  As A changes, so does B. 
D)  If B changes, A will change as well. 
E)  If C changes, A will change as well.

Question 7

The case studies that have become social science classics describe specific people and places,but

Accepted Answer

A)  also provide a sense of understanding about general categories of the social world. 
B)  lack generalizability. 
C)  have been particularly weak at generating new ideas and theories. 
D)  are not particularly appropriate for exploratory or descriptive purposes. 
E)  both lack generalizability and have been particularly weak at generating new ideas and theories.

Question 8

Which of the following is not a condition needed to establish causality?

Accepted Answer

A)  There needs to be an empirical association between the independent and dependent variable. 
B)  The relationship between variables has to be spurious. 
C)  Temporal precedence needs to be established. 
D)  The relationship between variables has to be nonspurious. 
E)  All of these are conditions needed to establish causality.

Question 9

In a panel design,researchers assemble a panel of experts and ask them about opinions on a topic of interest.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

One of the potential problems with longitudinal research is keeping in contact with respondents over time and keeping their information confidential.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

The focal research,Moving On? Continuity and Change after Retirement by Adler and Clark utilized what kind of study design?

Accepted Answer

A)  panel 
B)  cross-sectional 
C)  trend 
D)  longitudinal 
E)  both panel and longitudinal

Question 12

The advantage of trend studies is that they

Accepted Answer

A)  avoid panel attrition. 
B)  avoid panel conditioning. 
C)  save the expense of finding the original participants. 
D)  enable the researcher to collect data anonymously. 
E)  All of these are advantages to trend studies.

Question 13

The longitudinal nature of panel studies allows researchers to

Accepted Answer

A)  document patterns. 
B)  establish time order sequences. 
C)  take "snapshot" photographs of a particular moment in time. 
D)  document patterns and establish time order sequences. 
E)  all of these.

Question 14

As we administer the same survey to panel members on several occasions,there is a chance they will be affected by the questions.This is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  panel fatigue. 
B)  panel learning. 
C)  panel conditioning. 
D)  panel attrition. 
E)  questionnaire familiarity.

Question 15

Longitudinal research requires data collection at at leastdifferent times.

Accepted Answer

A)  two 
B)  three 
C)  four 
D)  ten 
E)  twelve

Question 16

Decisions about study design are based partly on

Accepted Answer

A)  the use of theory. 
B)  the researcher's interest. 
C)  the purpose of the research. 
D)  whether or not a causal hypothesis will be tested. 
E)  all of these influence decisions about study design.

Question 17

A study design must balance ethical,practical,and methodological issues.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

For non-experimental study designs,the approach that will likely optimize our ability to understand how the attitudes of particular individuals change over time is the

Accepted Answer

A)  case study. 
B)  panel study. 
C)  trend study. 
D)  cross-sectional study. 
E)  none of these.

Question 19

If a researcher has a good idea about how one variable affects another,she will be interested in testing a causal hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

The strategy of how data will be collected is referred to as the

Accepted Answer

A)  hypothesis. 
B)  manipulation. 
C)  study design. 
D)  control. 
E)  causality.

Exam 7: Cross-Sectional, Longitudinal, and Case Study Designs

A trend design collects data at different times from

Temporal precedence is a necessary condition for longitudinal studies.

A study examining how attitudes about smoking influence other health behaviors,executed by surveying a random sample of city residents during the month of August is an example of

When a researcher believes that two variables are related in a causal way,she will be interested in manipulating the

What is one way to combat issues of internal validity?

If we are interested in establishing that two variables are related in a causal way (A causes B) ,three conditions must be satisfied.Among the following items,which is not a factor in this determination?

The case studies that have become social science classics describe specific people and places,but

Which of the following is not a condition needed to establish causality?

In a panel design,researchers assemble a panel of experts and ask them about opinions on a topic of interest.

One of the potential problems with longitudinal research is keeping in contact with respondents over time and keeping their information confidential.

The focal research,Moving On? Continuity and Change after Retirement by Adler and Clark utilized what kind of study design?

The advantage of trend studies is that they

The longitudinal nature of panel studies allows researchers to

As we administer the same survey to panel members on several occasions,there is a chance they will be affected by the questions.This is known as

Longitudinal research requires data collection at at leastdifferent times.

Decisions about study design are based partly on

A study design must balance ethical,practical,and methodological issues.

For non-experimental study designs,the approach that will likely optimize our ability to understand how the attitudes of particular individuals change over time is the

If a researcher has a good idea about how one variable affects another,she will be interested in testing a causal hypothesis.

The strategy of how data will be collected is referred to as the