Question 1

Which of the following statements is true of the social-cognitive theories of behaviour and personality?

Accepted Answer

A)  Behaviour is initiated by inner forces called personality. 
B)  Behaviour is an interaction of inner cognitive processes and situational forces. 
C)  Behaviour is caused by forces outside the person and based upon past rewards and punishments. 
D)  Behaviour and personality are determined primarily by our heredity.

Question 2

Id is to ________ as superego is to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  pleasure-seeking; rational 
B)  rational; moral 
C)  pleasure-seeking; moral 
D)  moral; rational

Question 3

Which part of Freud's theory did Karen Horney not reject?

Accepted Answer

A)  ego 
B)  unconscious motivation 
C)  penis envy 
D)  his psychosexual stages

Question 4

In the five-factor theory, the dimension that differentiates people who are dependable, organized, reliable, and responsible from people who are undependable, impulsive, and careless is called

Accepted Answer

A)  conscientiousness. 
B)  neuroticism. 
C)  agreeableness. 
D)  openness to experience.

Question 5

Who is the personality theorist who believed that our basic drive is to overcome and compensate for inferiority feelings and strive for superiority and significance?

Accepted Answer

A)  Carl Jung 
B)  Sigmund Freud 
C)  Alfred Adler 
D)  Karen Horney

Question 6

Which of the following is not a major component of Freud's theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  the dominant role of the unconscious in determining our thoughts and behaviour 
B)  the concept of infantile sexuality 
C)  the idea that many of our thoughts and behaviours happen by chance or accident 
D)  the central role of sexual instinct

Question 7

According to Horney, what is the "tyranny of the should"?

Accepted Answer

A)  the superego's demands for us to be good 
B)  unrealistic demands for personal perfection that no human being could fulfill 
C)  the problem of procrastination, which she felt afflicted many humans 
D)  the demands placed upon us by our parents that we struggle with our whole life

Question 8

Albert Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism refers to the mutual effect of

Accepted Answer

A)  our behaviour, personal factors, and the environment. 
B)  our behaviour, personality, and thinking. 
C)  our feelings, attitudes, and thoughts. 
D)  classical and operant conditioning and observational learning.

Question 9

The defence mechanism in which the energy from an unacceptable impulse is redirected into a socially desirable form is called

Accepted Answer

A)  rationalization. 
B)  projection. 
C)  reaction formation. 
D)  sublimation.

Question 10

According to psychoanalytic theory, psychosexual stages are structured by the fact that, as we grow, different parts of the body serve as the focus of the id's constant quest for

Accepted Answer

A)  pleasure. 
B)  self-actualization. 
C)  anxiety. 
D)  reality.

Question 11

Trudy denies her anger with her best friend Leah, and claims that it is Leah who is upset. Trudy may be using the defence mechanism called

Accepted Answer

A)  projection. 
B)  ego protection. 
C)  sublimation. 
D)  denial.

Question 12

In the five-factor theory, the dimension that differentiates people who are moody, irritable, nervous, and prone to worry from people who are calm, even-tempered, easygoing, and relaxed is called

Accepted Answer

A)  conscientiousness. 
B)  openness to experience. 
C)  agreeableness. 
D)  neuroticism.

Question 13

Shared influences occur because individual children tend to elicit different responses from their parents, owing to their temperament, gender, or birth order, etc.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

The Oedipal conflict arises and must be resolved during the

Accepted Answer

A)  anal stage. 
B)  genital stage. 
C)  phallic stage. 
D)  oral stage.

Question 15

Humanistic psychologists see human beings as all of the following, except

Accepted Answer

A)  capable of directing their lives. 
B)  having a tendency toward growth. 
C)  innately good. 
D)  determined by the environment.

Question 16

Forgetting a traumatic childhood experience would be an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  displacement. 
B)  sublimation. 
C)  rationalization. 
D)  repression.

Question 17

Which of the following is the humanistic psychologist who stressed that individuals need unconditional positive regard in order to become fully functioning persons?

Accepted Answer

A)  B.F. Skinner 
B)  Carl Rogers 
C)  Abraham Maslow 
D)  Julian Rotter

Question 18

Defence mechanisms lessen the pain of anxiety, but they do not cure the problem.

Accepted Answer