Question 1

By about ________ years of age, the child begins to develop a theory of mind that includes the understanding that another person will feel sad if she fails or happy if she succeeds.

Accepted Answer

A)   5 or 6
B)   4 or 5
C)   3 or 4
D)   2 or 3
E)   1 or 2 C

Question 2

Cross-cultural research has shown that approximately what percent of people regress through Kohlberg's stages?

Accepted Answer

A)   3 to 4
B)   5 to 7
C)   10 to 12
D)   15 to 17
E)   20 to 22 B

Question 3

While both involve the apprehension of another person's emotional state or condition, __________ involves matching of that emotional state oneself and __________ involves a general feeling of sorrow or concern for the other.

Accepted Answer

empathy/sympathy

Question 4

According to the stages of development proposed by Hoffman, children as young as ages 2 or 3 and continuing through the elementary school years have the ability to demonstrate __________ .

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the stages of development proposed...

Question 5

Research aimed at testing Gilligan's versus Kohlberg's ideas about moral development has found that

Accepted Answer

A)   boys are more likely to use "justice" reasoning, and girls are more likely to use "care" reasoning.
B)   there are no differences between boys and girls in Gilligan's types of moral reasoning.
C)   the sex differences Gilligan hypothesized only occur among children.
D)   Kohlberg's research seriously distorted the differences between boys and girls in moral reasoning.
E)   Gilligan had reversed the reasoning of males and females.

Question 6

According to the researcher Carl Barnboim, any statement that a child makes that involves some internal personality construct is called a __________ .

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the researcher Carl Barnboim, any...

Question 7

Kohlberg's sixth stage of universal ethical principles orientation

Accepted Answer

A)   involves following specific religious doctrines.
B)   was his most important stage.
C)   involves the assumption of personal responsibility.
D)   remains the foundation for his entire theory.
E)   involves judicious application of rewards.

Question 8

In which of Kohlberg's stages is there an emphasis on instrumental purpose and exchange?

Accepted Answer

A)   one
B)   two
C)   three
D)   four
E)   five

Question 9

In stage ________ of Kohlberg's theory of moral development, individuals focus less on what is pleasing to particular people and more on adhering to a complex set of regulations which are not questioned.

Accepted Answer

A)   two
B)   three
C)   four
D)   five
E)   six

Question 10

Studies of the relationship between level of moral reasoning and moral behavior have

Accepted Answer

A)   failed to support Kohlberg's prediction that reasoning and behavior should be positively correlated.
B)   shown that people at the principled level disobey more societal rules than people at the conventional level.
C)   shown positive correlations between reasoning and behavior in children but not in adults.
D)   supported Kohlberg's prediction that reasoning and behavior should be positively correlated.
E)   shown a positive correlation between moral reasoning and antisocial behavior.

Question 11

Sam is age 4. He is most likely to say that Louis is his best friend because Louis

Accepted Answer

A)   is a generous person.
B)   is very smart.
C)   shares his toys.
D)   plays with lots of children.
E)   has a good personality.

Question 12

Elaine works for a social service agency that usually requires a lot of paperwork from clients before they can get help. However, in certain severe cases, Elaine ignores the rules and eliminates some of the paperwork. Kohlberg would place Elaine in which stage of moral development?

Accepted Answer

A)   three
B)   four
C)   five
D)   six
E)   seven

Question 13

Delinquents and young children who act out in school are most likely to be in which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

Accepted Answer

A)   one
B)   two
C)   three
D)   four
E)   five

Question 14

Which of the following is an accurate statement concerning Freud's view of moral development?

Accepted Answer

A)   The conscience is a list of things that good people do.
B)   The ego ideal contains the superego and conscience.
C)   The ego ideal is a list of things that good people don't do.
D)   Guilt occurs when the conscience is disobeyed.
E)   Shame occurs when rules are violated.

Question 15

A shift to judgments based on rules or norms of a group to which the individual belongs is characteristic of which level of moral development?

Accepted Answer

A)   preconventional
B)   conventional
C)   postconventional
D)   postformal
E)   postoperational

Question 16

Who stated that the child learns moral rules by identifying with the same-sex parent?

Accepted Answer

A)   Freud
B)   Kohlberg
C)   Piaget
D)   Selman
E)   Erikson

Question 17

__________ rules are arbitrary.

Accepted Answer

The answer of __________ rules are arbitrary....

Question 18

Piaget proposed that after age 8, children move on to the __________ stage where they learn that people can agree to change rules if they want.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Piaget proposed that after age 8, children...

Question 19

Empathy is fostered by all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)   greater maternal warmth.
B)   parental explanations of consequences for actions.
C)   parental discussion of emotions.
D)   paternal discipline.
E)   capacity to regulate emotion.

Question 20

Children can first empathize with several different emotions at once by

Accepted Answer

A)   age 5.
B)   middle childhood.
C)   early adolescence.
D)   middle adolescence.
E)   late adolescence.

Exam 12: Thinking About Relationships: Social-Cognitive and Moral Development