Question 1

________ brain growth consists of additional growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific,varied learning experiences.

Accepted Answer

A)  Early-dependent
B)  Experience-expectant
C)  Experience-dependent
D)  Early-expectant C

Question 2

Which of the following is consistent with the cephalocaudal trend of body growth?

Accepted Answer

A)  During the prenatal period,the head,chest,and trunk grow first,then the arms and legs.
B)  During infancy and childhood,the hands and feet grow ahead of the arms and legs.
C)  During the prenatal period,the head develops more rapidly than the lower part of the body.
D)  By age 2,the head accounts for nearly one-half of the body length. C

Question 3

When skeletal ages are examined,

Accepted Answer

A)  boys are usually ahead of girls.
B)  girls are considerably ahead of boys.
C)  Caucasian-American children tend to be ahead of African-American children.
D)  there are no discernable differences between boys and girls. B

Question 4

At birth,the brain is

Accepted Answer

A)  fully developed.
B)  farther from its adult size than any other physical structure.
C)  nearer to its adults size than any other physical structure.
D)  strongly lateralized.

Question 5

Visual acuity is

Accepted Answer

A)  the rapid maturation of the eye.
B)  the fineness of visual discrimination.
C)  maturation of the visual center in the cerebral cortex.
D)  the ability to judge the distance of objects from one another.

Question 6

Removing a desirable stimulus or presenting an unpleasant one to decrease the occurrence of a response is called

Accepted Answer

A)  habituation.
B)  reinforcement.
C)  recovery.
D)  punishment.

Question 7

Breastfeeding for just a few weeks

Accepted Answer

A)  is a reliable method of birth control.
B)  can lead to later obesity.
C)  is not helpful because,in the beginning,breastfeeding causes constipation.
D)  offers some protection against respiratory and intestinal infections.

Question 8

Following habituation,when a new stimulus causes responsiveness to return to a high level,the increase is called

Accepted Answer

A)  imitation.
B)  recovery.
C)  reinforcement.
D)  repetition.

Question 9

Of all motor skills,________ may play the greatest role in infant cognitive development.

Accepted Answer

A)  rolling over
B)  voluntary reaching
C)  crawling
D)  walking

Question 10

In ________,infants act on the environment,and stimuli that follow their behavior change the probability that the behavior will occur again.

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning
B)  operant conditioning
C)  habituation
D)  recovery

Question 11

Dr.Eden studies a fetus's sensitivity to external stimuli by measuring changes in fetal heart rate when various repeated sounds are presented.Dr.Eden is probably using

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning.
B)  operant conditioning.
C)  habituation and recovery.
D)  imitation.

Question 12

Which motor activity typically develops first?

Accepted Answer

A)  sits alone
B)  builds a tower of two cubes
C)  plays pat-a-cake
D)  scribbles vigorously

Question 13

Baby Edda's body looks wasted,and she is withdrawn and apathetic.However,she is offered enough food and there is no biological cause for her condition.She most likely has

Accepted Answer

A)  nonorganic failure to thrive.
B)  kwashiorkor.
C)  food insecurity.
D)  marasmus.

Question 14

_________ brain growth refers to the young brain's rapidly developing organization,which depends on ordinary experiences.

Accepted Answer

A)  Early-dependent
B)  Experience-expectant
C)  Experience-dependent
D)  Early-expectant

Question 15

________ are nerve cells that store and transmit information.

Accepted Answer

A)  Synapses
B)  Neurons
C)  Neurotransmitters
D)  Glials

Question 16

In interviews with more than 3,000 U.S.parents of infants and toddlers,results indicated that _____ ate no fruits or vegetables.

Accepted Answer

A)  one-tenth
B)  one-fifth
C)  one-third
D)  one-half

Question 17

Pound for pound,an infant's energy needs are __________ those of an adult.

Accepted Answer

A)  one quarter
B)  half
C)  the same as
D)  twice

Question 18

Kipsigi infants walk considerably earlier than North American infants because

Accepted Answer

A)  the babies are smaller at birth,requiring less leg-muscle strength for standing.
B)  they are genetically "hardwired" to do so.
C)  North American babies are mentally overstimulated,resulting in less motivation to walk.
D)  their parents incorporate direct walking instruction and formal handling routines that encourage early motor development.

Question 19

Some responses,such as __________,are very difficult to classically condition in young babies because they do not yet have the motor skills needed to deal appropriately with stimuli.

Accepted Answer

A)  contentment
B)  fear
C)  hunger
D)  sucking

Question 20

At first,baby Mario was easily awakened every night by a barking dog in his neighborhood.Several weeks later,Mario's sleep is not bothered by the dog's barks.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning.
B)  extinction.
C)  habituation.
D)  recovery.

Exam 4: Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood