Question 1

In a rank-order procedure, scores of 6, 10, 17, and 25 would be changed to __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a rank-order procedure, scores of 6,...

Question 2

"(N_Columns-1)( N_Rows-1)" is the formula for the degrees of freedom for the chi-square test for __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of "(N_Columns-1)( N_Rows-1)" is the formula...

Question 3

The sample scores for a procedure that is "distribution-free" would probably be transformed using the:

Accepted Answer

A) reflection transformation 
B) antilog transformation 
C) rank-order method 
D) inverse transformation

Question 4

An advertising firm wanted to target television advertisements for people who eat out often. The firm conducted a study in which 75 randomly selected people noted what they watched for a week, and then they were categorized according to the type of show they watched most. They also completed a questionnaire about how often they eat out, and were divided into those that do and do not eat out often. The results were that those in the group that eat out often included 3 who most watched quiz shows, 9 who most watched situation comedies, 7 who most watched movies, 8 who most watched news shows, and 3 who most watched soap operas. Of those who ate out rarely, the figures were 8 quiz show, 6 situation comedy, 13 movie, 3 news show, and 15 soap opera.
Do these data suggest that the distribution of type of shows watched is different for those who eat out often versus rarely? (Use the .05 significance level.)
a. Use the five steps of hypothesis testing.
b. Sketch the chi-square distribution.
c. Explain the logic of what you have done.
d. Figure a measure of effect size and indicate whether it is small, medium, or large.
e. Figure the approximate power.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An advertising firm wanted to target television...

Question 5

According to your text, Karl Pearson, the inventor of the chi-square, also invented the method of computing correlation used today and coined the terms histogram, skew, and spurious correlation. (True or False)

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

A sample that comes from a normally distributed population:

Accepted Answer

A) might have more members than the population 
B) is often approximately normally distributed 
C) is always normally distributed 
D) is almost always curvilinear

Question 7

One difference between a chi-square test and an analysis of variance is that in a chi-square test all variables are __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of One difference between a chi-square test and...

Question 8

What percentage of people were protestant in this study?

Accepted Answer

A) 22 
B) 17 
C) 31 
D) 4

Question 9

Hypothesis-testing procedures based on ranks are also called:

Accepted Answer

A) nonparametric tests 
B) parametric tests 
C) distribution-free tests 
D) both A and C

Question 10

According to this study, __________ appeared to be less effective in reducing repeat offenses.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to this study, __________ appeared to...

Question 11

Because the distribution of rank-order scores is known exactly rather than estimated, rank-order tests:

Accepted Answer

A) do not require estimating any parameters 
B) are used in most real studies 
C) are almost always preferred over square-root transformations 
D) require drawing additional samples

Question 12

A contingency table is a table in which:

Accepted Answer

A) the distributions of two nominal variables are laid out so that you have the frequencies of their combinations as well as the totals 
B) chi-squares for each category are displayed over each level of the independent variable 
C) distributions are translated into t distributions 
D) chi-square distributions are translated into F distributions

Question 13

In a chi-square test for independence, the null hypothesis is that:

Accepted Answer

A) the two population variances are independent 
B) the two variables are independent in the population 
C) the means of the populations are not equal 
D) the means of the populations are equal

Question 14

The __________ of a chi-square test is determined mainly by effect size and sample size.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The __________ of a chi-square test is...

Question 15

One finding of this study was that:

Accepted Answer

A) high school teachers tended to seek counseling less than the other professions studied 
B) car dealers sought counseling less than other professions in the study 
C) car dealers and college professors had the most stressful jobs, since they had had to seek counseling more than people in other professions. 
D) car dealers were about evenly split on those who had and those who had not sought counseling

Question 16

For the following question(s): A study reported; "A chi-square test for independence was conducted to explore the relationship between whether a person had or had not sought psychological counseling and the person's profession (lawyer, car dealer, college professor, high school teacher, and postal worker). A significant relationship was found, XS1U1P12S1S1P0(4, N = 100)= 12.33, p < .05." Here are the results: 
-What percentage of college professors had sought counseling?

Accepted Answer

A) 22/66 = 33% 
B) 22/29 = 76% 
C) 19/66 = 29% 
D) 19/29 = 66%

Question 17

Some statisticians have shown that instead of using the special procedures in rank-order tests, you get about the same results if you transform scores into ranks and then:

Accepted Answer

A) figure a Spearman Z 
B) find the mean of the scores' inverses 
C) apply all the usual arithmetic for calculating an ordinary parametric test, such as a t test 
D) apply all the usual arithmetic for calculating a typical nonparametric test, such as a Wilcoxon signed-rank test

Question 18

When conducting a statistical test, a single outlier can:

Accepted Answer

A) make the test more robust to violations of the assumption of normality 
B) reduce the sample's variance, making significant results easier to achieve 
C) lead to a significant result when the other numbers, considered without the outlier, would not have led to a significant result 
D) improve the reliability of the statistical procedure

Question 19

An extreme score that is at the far end of a sample's distribution is called a(n)__________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An extreme score that is at the...

Question 20

__________ have the advantage over nonparametric methods of permitting the use of the familiar, precise parametric techniques.

Accepted Answer

The answer of __________ have the advantage over nonparametric methods...

Exam 11: Chi-Square Tests and Strategies When Population Distributions Are Not Normal