Question 1

The development of our sense of self is partly influenced by our culture. People who tend to have an independent view of the self are likely from __________ cultures, whereas __________ cultures are more likely to have an interdependent view of the self.

Accepted Answer

A)  Western; non-Western 
B)  Indian; Asian 
C)  Asian; African American 
D)  non-Western; Western

Question 2

According to studies discussed in the text, one consequence of analyzing or generating reasons for their attitudes is that people will __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  change their attitudes to bring them in line with the reasons 
B)  change their list of reasons to bring them in line with their attitudes 
C)  become self-aware and hold less positive attitudes 
D)  alter their behaviors to correspond to their original attitudes

Question 3

When asked to finish a sentence beginning "I am…," respondents from Asian countries are more likely to mention __________, because they grew up in a(n) __________ culture.

Accepted Answer

A)  group membership; interdependent 
B)  extraverted; independent 
C)  actual self; authoritarian 
D)  introverted; less oppressive

Question 4

Mrs. Hill has decided to provide her first-grade students with gold stars to reward them for reading. She has decided to use performance-contingent rewards. However, in using these, she must also be careful to __________ so that using the rewards does not backfire.

Accepted Answer

A)  avoid having the students compete with one another 
B)  encourage cooperation among students 
C)  encourage students to write about what they read 
D)  avoid making students tense about being evaluated

Question 5

Recall Schachter and Singer's study in which participants were given an injection, then exposed to either a very happy or very angry confederate, then asked about their mood. Which of the following is an independent variable in this study?

Accepted Answer

A)  Participant's mood 
B)  Gender of the participant 
C)  Receiving the injection of epinephrine or a neutral compound 
D)  How many times they hula-hooped with the confederate

Question 6

Describe what advice you can give first-year students about increasing their self-control, based on research in this chapter.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe what advice you can give first-year...

Question 7

Self-perception theory argues that when our attitudes or feelings aren't clear, we often infer them by observing __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  how other people are behaving 
B)  our emotional reactions 
C)  our own behavior 
D)  others' reactions to us

Question 8

While completing a personality test, Craig comes to an item that asks him if he sees himself as shy and introverted. Craig reflects on some of his recent behavior. He reasons that since he generally does not talk much in class discussions and tends to avoid large parties, he must be shy and introverted. Which of the following strategies for self-knowledge is Craig using?

Accepted Answer

A)  Self-presentation 
B)  Self-perception 
C)  Self-esteem 
D)  Self-enhancement

Question 9

Molly is eighteen years old and has an eight-year-old brother, Joe. If they are both asked to answer the question "Who am I?" Molly is likely to answer it in __________ terms than Joe.

Accepted Answer

A)  more concrete 
B)  less concrete 
C)  more physical 
D)  less abstract

Question 10

Singelis (1994) administered his independence and interdependence questionnaire to students at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. He found that Asian American students agreed more with such statements as "It is important to me to respect decisions made by the group" and "My happiness depends on the happiness of those around me" than did Caucasian American students. These findings suggest that __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the self-concept is more complex in Western cultures 
B)  there is a genetic component to the self-concept 
C)  one's culture influences one's self-concept 
D)  Hawaii can be thought of as one of the few cultures that shapes the self-concept of its inhabitants

Question 11

__________ refers to the desire to undertake an activity because of external rewards, not because we find it interesting or enjoyable.

Accepted Answer

A)  Intrinsic motivation 
B)  Compliance 
C)  Extrinsic motivation 
D)  Social comparison

Question 12

Because they convey information to people that they are good at an activity, __________ are not likely to reduce intrinsic interest in that activity.

Accepted Answer

A)  performance-contingent rewards 
B)  task-contingent rewards 
C)  negative critiques 
D)  instances of insincere praise

Question 13

Which of the following situations best exemplifies the misattribution of arousal?

Accepted Answer

A)  You ask for second helpings and infer that you must have been really hungry. 
B)  You just got a huge raise at your part-time restaurant job and now find the customers less enjoyable than before. 
C)  You are exhausted after an all-nighter, take two caffeine tabs to stay awake, and panic when you see the content of your psychology exam. 
D)  You were rejected from a law school to which your friend was admitted, so you feel resentful of her success.

Question 14

Cliff was asked if he liked country music. He remembered that his roommate had turned on some country music the other day and he listened to it for a while. What did Cliff report when asked if he liked country music?

Accepted Answer

A)  He assumed that because he had listened to it, he liked it. 
B)  Because he had not turned it on, he stated that he didn't really like country music. 
C)  Because his roommate had turned it on, he said he especially liked it, because he wants to be like his roommate. 
D)  He assumed that he didn't like it, because it wasn't his radio.

Question 15

According to the idea of "telling more than we can know," one reason that introspection is sometimes not an accurate way to learn about oneself is that __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  people have to be extremely self-aware to learn anything about themselves 
B)  people must rely on controlled processes to effectively introspective 
C)  mental processes are not observable, and therefore do not actually exist 
D)  many of our mental processes occur outside our awareness

Question 16

Brittany knows she will need all the mental resources she has to focus on a speech she must give. Which of the following would be LEAST helpful in terms of increasing her self-regulatory resources?

Accepted Answer

A)  Eating regular meals that day 
B)  Not doing other mentally draining things that day 
C)  Drinking a regular soda 
D)  Also trying to quit smoking that day

Question 17

Carl experiences sweaty palms, a racing heart beat, and butterflies in his stomach. As he scans the dark alley he is walking down, he hears an angry, growling dog approaching. Carl immediately labels what he is feeling as fear. This is a correct interpretation according to the __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  self-perception theory of emotion 
B)  Cannon-Bard theory of emotion 
C)  two-factor theory of emotion 
D)  self-awareness theory of emotion

Question 18

When considering the data on self-handicapping, which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Women are more likely to use behavioral self-handicapping than men. 
B)  People in late adulthood are more likely to use reported self-handicapping strategies. 
C)  Asians are more likely to use behavioral self-handicapping than Hispanics. 
D)  Men are more likely to use behavioral self-handicapping than women.

Question 19

Beyond causal theories, what other information do people have available during introspection about the reasons for their feelings and behaviors?

Accepted Answer

A)  Knowledge of how they have responded in the past 
B)  Self-help books that explain the reasons for feelings 
C)  Knowledge of reasons that other people have for having those same behaviors or feelings 
D)  Cross-species research on the cause of behaviors or feelings

Question 20

Earl wants to understand his self-concept better, so he sits quietly by himself and thinks about who he is and what his values and attitudes are. What is Earl engaging in?

Accepted Answer

A)  Self-awareness 
B)  Self-conceptualization 
C)  Introspection 
D)  Meditation

Exam 5: The Self: Understanding Ourselves in a Social Context

The development of our sense of self is partly influenced by our culture. People who tend to have an independent view of the self are likely from cultures, whereas cultures are more likely to have an interdependent view of the self.