Question 1

Normally developing motor and visual milestones for a 4-month-old include

Accepted Answer

A) crawling,scribbling with a crayon,interpreting facial expressions. 
B) sitting without support,playing with simple toys,20/20 vision. 
C) rolling over,reaching for objects,visual tracking moving objects. 
D) standing with support,reaching for objects,visual preference for faces

Question 2

One important lesson helping professionals can take from Piaget's and Vygotsky's work is that

Accepted Answer

A) children must be expected to make independent progress,and not to be supported by adults in every task. 
B) understanding how young clients think can help in structuring interventions that build effectively on existing knowledge and meanings. 
C) stages of cognitive development proceed regularly,and are not altered by individual experiences. 
D) language learning is not necessary for children to make progress in problem solving.

Question 3

In a number conservation task a set of discrete items is laid out in two rows.First the items in the two rows are laid out in exactly the same way,and then the items in one row are moved farther apart.Typically,3- and 4-year-olds

Accepted Answer

A) recognize that the rows have the same number when they are arranged identically,but believe there are more items when they are farther apart. 
B) have no trouble with simple number conservation tasks like this,but make mistakes with more abstract math problems. 
C) can easily decenter from the number of objects to consider the spacing of items at the same time. 
D) realize that number of items is conserved when they are moved around,because they take into account all the relevant observations at once.

Question 4

Research using habituation and preferential response paradigms has provided us with much of what we know about the infant's perceptual abilities.The habituation paradigm takes advantage of

Accepted Answer

A) baby's ability to form habits 
B) the absence of an orientation response in infants 
C) baby's ability to report their own reactions 
D) baby's tendency to orient to new stimulation

Question 5

As children learn a language,what aspect of language do they learn first?

Accepted Answer

A) The phonology of the language 
B) The semantics of the language 
C) The syntax of the language 
D) The pragmatics of the language

Question 6

The set of cognitive processes involved in intentionally controlling our own behavior,determining what we pay attention to,setting goals,and choosing our responses to stimuli is called what?

Accepted Answer

A) Representational thought 
B) Adaptations 
C) Assimilations 
D) Executive functions

Question 7

Piaget's research with babies helped him theorize about infant cognition by focusing primarily on their

Accepted Answer

A) babbling patterns with other children. 
B) motor interactions with the environment. 
C) eating habits and intake quantities. 
D) DNA,blood type,and hereditary markers.

Question 8

Sam is at home with his two children,3-year-old Daria and 6-week-old Keith.Sam is reading a story to Daria when baby Keith wakes up and screams for his bottle.Daria gets very upset when Sam leaves her to tend to the baby.Sam tries to explain to his daughter that her baby brother can't wait,but Daria continues to insist.Sam is concerned that Daria is not accepting her new baby brother.Based on your understanding of preschoolers' cognitive development,what would you tell Sam?

Accepted Answer

A) Daria is probably exhibiting normal cognitive egocentrism because she cannot fully understand the needs of another person yet. 
B) Daria is probably exhibiting a stress response that suggests the family may need some counseling. 
C) Daria is probably exhibiting separation distress which is normal for children her age. 
D) Daria is probably exhibiting a failure to show empathy and needs more training in this area.

Question 9

Which of the following is the best example of the concept of a child's zone of proximal development?

Accepted Answer

A) Sherri works on her algebra homework for two hours without being able to answer a single question correctly. 
B) Jeff makes a note of the homework assignment for his last period class and completes it while riding home on the school bus. 
C) Cindy explains to her younger sister how to solve a problem in math by organizing the information in a new way.Her younger sister can then complete her homework. 
D) A mother shows her 8-month-old infant flashcards of words in different languages while she repeats each word on the card.

Question 10

Piaget's number conservation task provides supporting evidence of what characteristic of preoperational thought?

Accepted Answer

A) Agency 
B) Cognitive flexibility 
C) Accommodation 
D) Centration

Question 11

Which of the following widely held assumptions about children's cognitive development was derived from Jean Piaget?

Accepted Answer

A) Children are blank slates receiving knowledge. 
B) Knowledge is funneled into children. 
C) Children passively absorb information. 
D) Children construct their knowledge.

Question 12

Jacinta,the mother of a 10-month-old baby boy,is concerned about her son's increasing fussiness when she leaves him with his babysitter each morning.Whose opinion of the situation is most consistent with what you have learned about infant cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

A) Jacinta's sister,who believes the baby has been spoiled by too much attention and now has difficulty separating. 
B) Jacinta's mother,who believes the baby must have a physical problem that is causing him to be clingy. 
C) Manuel,the baby's father,who believes the boy must not like his babysitter. 
D) Jacinta's neighbor,who says her children went through this stage and Jacinta should try to be understanding and maintain a consistent environment.

Question 13

When a child attempts a task and is unable to do it alone,but succeeds with the help of a person skilled in the task,the child is working in his or her

Accepted Answer

A) area of representational thought. 
B) zone of proximal development. 
C) preoperational stage. 
D) zone of scaffolding.

Question 14

Which cognitive achievement underlies a baby's ability to form an attachment to a specific adult,like a parent or other caregiver?

Accepted Answer

A) Conservation 
B) Object permanence 
C) Code switching 
D) Agency

Question 15

At approximately what age are children first able to tell stories with a beginning,middle,and end as well as conversing with multiple people simultaneously?

Accepted Answer

A) 3 to 4 years 
B) 4 to 5 years 
C) 2 to 3 years 
D) 6 to 7 years

Question 16

Researchers are discovering new ways to assess the memory of infants.Based on their studies,recognition skills are first detected at what age?

Accepted Answer

A) In the sixth month 
B) As early as three months 
C) Birth 
D) Within weeks after birth

Question 17

Which of the following statements does not reflect contemporary critiques of Piagetian theory that have experimental support?

Accepted Answer

A) Progress in intellectual development is often domain-specific. 
B) Preschoolers may be capable of more advanced cognitive tasks than Piaget had specified. 
C) Infants may have a rudimentary understanding of object permanence earlier in infancy than Piaget suspected. 
D) Infants frequently have the ability to mentally represent objects at birth.

Question 18

For babies with normally developing motor,visual,and auditory processes,at what age do they typically begin walking alone?

Accepted Answer

A) Around 18-20 months 
B) Around 8 months 
C) Around 5-6 months 
D) Around 12 months

Question 19

Vygotsky believed that parents and other more advanced thinkers of a culture promoted cognitive development of children or novice learners.What term is used to define this type of help that promotes learning?

Accepted Answer

A) Elaborating 
B) Orienting 
C) Duplicating 
D) Scaffolding

Question 20

Among our contemporary ideas about children's development,which of the following seems to be directly influenced by Vygotskian theory?

Accepted Answer

A) Our practices should be based on stages of development. 
B) Our views on the topic focus on heredity and genetic influences. 
C) Our ideas on the topic are shaped by our culture. 
D) Our research on the topic emphasizes preoperational development.

Exam 3: Cognitive Development in the Early Years