Question 1

Jane is a new therapist who works with couples and families.Her decision was motivated by her sister Melinda's experience of spousal abuse.When Jane meets with her supervisor to review cases,he points out that Jane takes sides with her female clients when they cry or describe intense conflicts with their husbands.She believes her supervisor is blind to the signs of abuse.According to Kitchener's theory,on what assumption is Jane operating?

Accepted Answer

A) Determination of abuse is difficult to ascertain and must be tested in each situation. 
B) Determination of abuse should only be reached after consultation with expert supervisors. 
C) Determination of abuse can be made if one has some personal experience. 
D) Determination of abuse should be based on the context.

Question 2

Arnett's research suggests that young adults today believe that qualifications for adulthood is determined

Accepted Answer

A) by the timing of achievements,such as marriage and parenthood. 
B) on the basis of reaching a certain age. 
C) on the basis of their parents' definition of adulthood. 
D) on the basis of taking responsibility and making independent decisions.

Question 3

Which of the following is the best example of fifth-stage thinking?

Accepted Answer

A) Josh evaluates arguments of those who favor and those who oppose the death penalty and finds both arguments unconvincing. 
B) Trevor solves a complicated equation in abstract mathematics. 
C) Carrie listens with great empathy and concern to her counseling client. 
D) Kendra learns about three different religions and recognizes their consistency and appeal.

Question 4

Counselors should know that the period between the ages of 15 and 24 is

Accepted Answer

A) a time when good mental health is at its peak,with the lowest rates of depression or other major mental health problems. 
B) the time of highest prevalence rate for depression across the life span. 
C) a time that is not significantly different from any other time of adulthood with regard to depression,but when clients may face many transitions. 
D) a time when most learning processes slow down significantly.

Question 5

Discuss how and why interpersonal therapy (IPT)may be useful in helping young adults who are suffering from depression.Consider what role development is assigned in the generation of depression in this therapeutic approach,what role context plays,and what the IPT therapist's view of enduring cognitive structures in the young adult's depression may be.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss how and why interpersonal therapy (IPT)may...

Question 6

During emerging adulthood,African Americans in particular are likely to experience (in college and the workplace)which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Decrease in incidence of discrimination 
B) Early identity achievement status 
C) Decrease in ethnic diversity of their environment 
D) Increase in identity issues

Question 7

Kitchener and her associates proposed a seven-stage theory that examines the emergence of yet another type of development-stage one being "knowledge limited to single concrete instances." What is the focus of their seven-stage theory?

Accepted Answer

A) Development of moral judgment 
B) Development of argumentation 
C) Development of problem analysis 
D) Development of reflective judgment

Question 8

Donna runs a day care center.After many years of hard work,the business has grown and provides a steady income.Donna's daughter,Elaine,has asked Donna to give her a loan for a down payment on a business of her own.In order to provide this loan,Donna would have to cut expenses at the day care center,including reducing staff by at least two employees.What is the primary characteristic that points to a particular stage of cognitive functioning in Elaine's case?

Accepted Answer

A) She tries to decide how to make a living for herself. 
B) She focuses her concerns on other people in her life for whom she is responsible. 
C) She has developed logical thinking abilities. 
D) She lets others take the consequences for her decisions.

Question 9

Some studies indicate that reflective judgment is enhanced by all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A) Higher education 
B) Environmental pressures 
C) Training in reasoning skills 
D) Modeling and practice of reasoning skills

Question 10

Doug,Diana,Tyrone,Nidia and Louis all have different viewpoints on the evolution versus creationism debate.Louis displays contextual relativism in his thinking (Position 5).Which of the following statements would be most illustrative of Louis's viewpoint?

Accepted Answer

A) It doesn't matter which idea you believe because nobody's ideas are certain. 
B) Although we don't know for certain,I understand the way scientists look at the question. 
C) Both creationism and evolution are right. 
D) I believe what my teachers taught me.

Question 11

According to Perry's theory,what position in intellectual development is marked by rejection of the idea of an absolute truth,acceptance of authority figures as colleagues,and a belief that ideas can be evaluated on the basis of evidence?

Accepted Answer

A) Position 2,multiplicity (prelegitimate) 
B) Position 3,early multiplicity 
C) Position 4,late multiplicity 
D) Position 5,contextual relativism

Question 12

According to respondents in Arnett's research with young people in the U.S. ,the two most important qualifications for reaching adult status include which one of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Being responsible for the outcomes of your actions 
B) Accepting decisions made by others on your behalf 
C) Taking steps toward financial independence 
D) Becoming a parent

Question 13

What percentage of young adults in the U.S.transition to college after high school?

Accepted Answer

A) Around 70% 
B) More than 65% 
C) Just over 50% 
D) Fewer than 50%

Question 14

Theorists like Sinnott describe a fifth cognitive stage often called post-formal thought,whereas theorists like Schaie argue that there isn't a new stage of thought in adulthood but rather new kinds of problems to solve.Describe the differences between these perspectives.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Theorists like Sinnott describe a fifth cognitive...

Question 15

List three pitfalls counselors need to avoid in their decision making with clients.Give examples of each.

Accepted Answer

The answer of List three pitfalls counselors need to avoid...

Question 16

William Perry's theory of intellectual and ethical development defines nine positions,beginning with which one of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Multiplicity 
B) Postskeptical rationalism 
C) Relativism 
D) Strict dualism

Question 17

Perry's theory holds that the college experience fosters cognitive development because

Accepted Answer

A) students build on the cognitive skills they developed in high school. 
B) students confront diverse beliefs and arrive at personal commitments. 
C) students learn from professors who embody intellectual authority. 
D) students learn to value their own opinions and values from their background.

Question 18

Scholars may disagree about the age or point in time when an individual reaches adulthood.Viewing adulthood in the U.S.from a current sociological perspective,which of the following conclusions is accurate?

Accepted Answer

A) Reaching adulthood is based on marker events such as getting married. 
B) Individuals reach adulthood later today than in earlier points in history. 
C) Completing one's education and entering the workforce marks adulthood. 
D) Adulthood begins when brain development is complete.

Question 19

in the U.S. ,the nature of an extended period of transition during the early years of young adulthood is characterized by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) Rejection of social norms and values 
B) Questioning of peer influences 
C) Examination of childhood indulgences 
D) Exploration of potential adult identities

Question 20

Globalization appears to be largely responsible for spreading which of the following aspects of emerging adulthood?

Accepted Answer

A) Career stability 
B) Early identification of a career path 
C) Extended self-exploration 
D) Early attainment of financial autonomy

Exam 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Young Adulthood