Question 1

List and describe the four factors that determine the effectiveness of punishment, as discussed in the textbook.

Accepted Answer

The answer of List and describe the four factors that...

Question 2

Which is an example of a behavioral addiction?

Accepted Answer

A)  addiction to exercise 
B)  addiction to alcohol 
C)  addiction to cocaine 
D)  addiction to caffeine

Question 3

Behavioral addictions:

Accepted Answer

A)  seem to activate the same reinforcement system in the brain as drug addictions do. 
B)  do not usually lead to withdrawal symptoms. 
C)  activate a unique brain system that is different from the one activated by drug addictions. 
D)  do not usually produce cravings.

Question 4

If a person wants to use shaping to train a new puppy to respond to a name, he would call the name and then:

Accepted Answer

A)  reward once the puppy comes all the way to him. 
B)  reward when the puppy looks at him, then for turning toward him, and then for taking a few steps in his direction. 
C)  jingle some keys or shake a dog toy to get the puppy interested enough to come over to him. 
D)  pull the puppy with a leash, then reward when the puppy reaches him.

Question 5

Lauren is trying to stop her son from banging his spoon on the table during meals by praising him whenever he uses his spoon to eat his food. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  extinction. 
B)  distancing. 
C)  reinforcement of alternative behaviors. 
D)  delayed reinforcement.

Question 6

If one buys lottery tickets, one may win on average every 15 times one plays. This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-ratio 
B)  fixed-interval 
C)  variable-ratio 
D)  variable-interval

Question 7

The major difference between an individual who uses cocaine weekly and tried to stop and can't and an individual that skydives weekly and can't stop is that:

Accepted Answer

A)  they both have a bad habit and can't stop it. 
B)  the first individual is experiencing a pathological addiction, while the second individual is experiencing a behavioral addiction. 
C)  both individuals are seeking a "high," but the skydiver isn't worried about becoming addicted. 
D)  There is no difference-both individuals are suffering from a type of dysfunction.

Question 8

Negative punishment involves _____ an outcome to _____ a behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  adding; increase 
B)  adding; decrease 
C)  taking away; increase 
D)  taking away; decrease

Question 9

Which statement is TRUE about shaping?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is a difficult and time-consuming process. 
B)  It has not yet been successfully used for modifying human behavior. 
C)  It is a good way to train an animal very quickly. 
D)  It involves giving bigger rewards as one gets closer to making the correct response.

Question 10

Andrea is trying to stop biting her nails. Whenever she gets the urge to bite her nails, she forces herself to count to 100 before giving in to her urge. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  extinction. 
B)  distancing. 
C)  reinforcement of alternative behaviors. 
D)  delayed reinforcement.

Question 11

Which statement is TRUE about punishment?

Accepted Answer

A)  There is a general agreement that it is an ineffective way to change a behavior. 
B)  It is considered a good way to change behavior, regardless of how it is used. 
C)  It is most effective when one begins with a weak punishment and gradually works up to a stronger punishment. 
D)  Its effects can be counteracted if the punished behavior is simultaneously being reinforced.

Question 12

After working for $15 an hour, Sally's pay was cut to $8 an hour. She stopped working so hard, working much less than her coworkers, who had been earning $8 an hour all along. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  negative contrast. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  positive punishment. 
D)  negative punishment.

Question 13

Which item is an example of a primary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A)  money 
B)  praise 
C)  water 
D)  grades

Question 14

Swatting a dog with a newspaper would be _____ of the behavior of chewing up one's favorite socks.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement 
B)  positive punishment 
C)  negative reinforcement 
D)  negative punishment

Question 15

Explain how operant conditioning is different from classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain how operant conditioning is different from...

Question 16

A baseball player gets a hit approximately every third time at bat. This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-ratio 
B)  fixed-interval 
C)  variable-ratio 
D)  variable-interval

Question 17

Suppose a child whines continuously until his parents give him a cookie. The cessation of the child's whining would be _____ of the parents' behavior of giving the cookie.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement 
B)  positive punishment 
C)  negative reinforcement 
D)  negative punishment

Question 18

For punishment to be MOST effective:

Accepted Answer

A)  it should start out weak and become gradually stronger each time the behavior is repeated. 
B)  the organism should know under what circumstances a particular behavior will and will not be punished. 
C)  the behavior cannot be concurrently reinforced. 
D)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 19

According to the Premack principle, if a child would rather wash dishes than do homework:

Accepted Answer

A)  homework could be used as a reward for washing dishes. 
B)  washing dishes could be used as a reward for doing homework. 
C)  the child's desire to do homework will be increased by restricting access to washing dishes. 
D)  the child's desire to do dishes will be increased by restricting access to doing homework.

Question 20

Which region in the brain contains the dopamine-producing neurons that project to the frontal cortex?

Accepted Answer

A)  the nueral cortex 
B)  the orbitofrontal cortex 
C)  the substantia nigra pars compacta 
D)  the ventral tegmental area

Exam 5: Operant Conditioning: Learning the Outcome of Behaviors

List and describe the four factors that determine the effectiveness of punishment, as discussed in the textbook.

Which is an example of a behavioral addiction?

Behavioral addictions:

If a person wants to use shaping to train a new puppy to respond to a name, he would call the name and then:

Lauren is trying to stop her son from banging his spoon on the table during meals by praising him whenever he uses his spoon to eat his food. This is an example of:

If one buys lottery tickets, one may win on average every 15 times one plays. This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

The major difference between an individual who uses cocaine weekly and tried to stop and can't and an individual that skydives weekly and can't stop is that:

Negative punishment involves _ an outcome to _ a behavior.

Which statement is TRUE about shaping?

Andrea is trying to stop biting her nails. Whenever she gets the urge to bite her nails, she forces herself to count to 100 before giving in to her urge. This is an example of:

Which statement is TRUE about punishment?

After working for $15 an hour, Sally's pay was cut to $8 an hour. She stopped working so hard, working much less than her coworkers, who had been earning $8 an hour all along. This is an example of:

Which item is an example of a primary reinforcer?

Swatting a dog with a newspaper would be _____ of the behavior of chewing up one's favorite socks.

Explain how operant conditioning is different from classical conditioning.

A baseball player gets a hit approximately every third time at bat. This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Suppose a child whines continuously until his parents give him a cookie. The cessation of the child's whining would be _____ of the parents' behavior of giving the cookie.

For punishment to be MOST effective:

According to the Premack principle, if a child would rather wash dishes than do homework:

Which region in the brain contains the dopamine-producing neurons that project to the frontal cortex?