Question 1

Dr. Pugh is conducting a research study on student's mathematical abilities. Participants are tested once a year and they are asked to solve the same math problems every year. This is an example of a:

Accepted Answer

A)  Panel study 
B)  Cross-sectional study 
C)  Prospective study 
D)  Trend study

Question 2

Define cross-sectional, longitudinal, and retrospective research. Give at least one example of each type of research

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define cross-sectional, longitudinal, and retrospective research. Give...

Question 3

Retrospective studies have problems with:

Accepted Answer

A)  Differential attrition 
B)  Sealing with different independent samples at each point in time 
C)  Being expensive to carry out 
D)  Verifying the accuracy of accounts of past behavior

Question 4

The purpose of identifying multiple rival explanations is to force the researcher to consider and examine multiple possible answers before reaching a conclusion.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

A researcher investigates the relationship between teaching style and student achievement in elementary school teachers. Since she is concerned that gender might be a confounding factor in her study, she includes only female teachers. The control technique she used was:

Accepted Answer

A)  Holding the extraneous variable constant 
B)  Statistical control 
C)  Matching 
D)  Random assignment

Question 6

The post hoc fallacy is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Because B preceded A, A caused B 
B)  Because A preceded B, A caused B 
C)  A and B must be related in order to state that A caused B 
D)  You cannot do post hoc analysis for all conditions

Question 7

State the definition of nonexperimental quantitative research.

Accepted Answer

The answer of State the definition of nonexperimental quantitative research....

Question 8

Nonexperimental research follows the same steps as experimental research.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

When research is done to test hypotheses and theories about how and why phenomena operate as they do, then the primary purpose of such research is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Descriptive 
B)  Predictive 
C)  Explanatory 
D)  Exploratory

Question 10

The Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficient is a measure of what:

Accepted Answer

A)  Linear relationship 
B)  Curvilinear relationship 
C)  Linear and curvilinear relationships 
D)  Quadratic relationship

Question 11

A researcher is interested in developing a model of school achievement that includes home and school factors. She hypothesizes that some factors will have direct effects on achievement, whereas others will have indirect effects through other intervening variables. The main purpose of this research is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Descriptive 
B)  Predictive 
C)  Explanatory 
D)  Exploratory

Question 12

Wiley's study described the achievement test scores and reading grades of a cross-sectional sample of elementary school students. He took the students' scores on an achievement test and divided the students into three groups based on their scores: high, medium, and low. He then described the reading scores of the students in the three groups. Why did he do this?

Accepted Answer

A)  To turn his study into an experiment by having a categorical independent variable 
B)  Because every research study has to have a categorical variable 
C)  To create a categorical variable from a quantitative variable 
D)  To create a quantitative variable from a categorical variable

Question 13

A researcher has identified multiple rival explanations as part of her research project. She is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Planning for extra hypotheses 
B)  Method of multiple working hypotheses 
C)  Research hypotheses for extra variables 
D)  Multiple causation for research

Question 14

The first "simple case" of nonexperimental research involves:

Accepted Answer

A)  One quantitative independent variable and one quantitative dependent variable 
B)  One manipulated independent variable and one quantitative dependent variable 
C)  One non-manipulated categorical independent variable and one quantitative dependent variable 
D)  One non-manipulated quantitative independent variable and one categorical dependent variable

Question 15

When the comparison groups have become nonequivalent because of participants dropping rather than because of a treatment condition, we call it differential attrition.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Marilyn developed a sample of individuals who had completed graduate school. She then had them complete questionnaires pertaining to elementary school, middle school, high school, and college. Marilyn's design is:

Accepted Answer

A)  Cross-sectional. 
B)  Prospective. 
C)  Longitudinal. 
D)  Retrospective.

Question 17

Compare and contrast cross-sectional research, longitudinal research, and retrospective research.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare and contrast cross-sectional research, longitudinal research,...

Question 18

Draw the typology of nonexperimental quantitative research formed by crossing the time dimension with the research objective dimension.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Draw the typology of nonexperimental quantitative research...

Question 19

Which of the three required conditions for cause and effect is relatively easy to establish in nonexperimental research?

Accepted Answer

A)  Condition 1 (relationship) 
B)  Condition 2 (proper time order) 
C)  Condition 3 (lack of alternative explanation) 
D)  All three conditions are quite easy to establish

Question 20

Compare and contrast quantitative and categorical independent variables. Give at least one example of each one.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare and contrast quantitative and categorical independent...

Exam 14: Nonexperimental Quantitative Research

Dr. Pugh is conducting a research study on student's mathematical abilities. Participants are tested once a year and they are asked to solve the same math problems every year. This is an example of a:

Define cross-sectional, longitudinal, and retrospective research. Give at least one example of each type of research

Retrospective studies have problems with:

The purpose of identifying multiple rival explanations is to force the researcher to consider and examine multiple possible answers before reaching a conclusion.

A researcher investigates the relationship between teaching style and student achievement in elementary school teachers. Since she is concerned that gender might be a confounding factor in her study, she includes only female teachers. The control technique she used was:

The post hoc fallacy is:

State the definition of nonexperimental quantitative research.

Nonexperimental research follows the same steps as experimental research.

When research is done to test hypotheses and theories about how and why phenomena operate as they do, then the primary purpose of such research is:

The Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficient is a measure of what:

A researcher has identified multiple rival explanations as part of her research project. She is:

The first "simple case" of nonexperimental research involves:

When the comparison groups have become nonequivalent because of participants dropping rather than because of a treatment condition, we call it differential attrition.

Marilyn developed a sample of individuals who had completed graduate school. She then had them complete questionnaires pertaining to elementary school, middle school, high school, and college. Marilyn's design is:

Compare and contrast cross-sectional research, longitudinal research, and retrospective research.

Draw the typology of nonexperimental quantitative research formed by crossing the time dimension with the research objective dimension.

Which of the three required conditions for cause and effect is relatively easy to establish in nonexperimental research?

Compare and contrast quantitative and categorical independent variables. Give at least one example of each one.