Question 1

Which term describes parents who are firm,set clear and consistent limits,and try to reason with their children?

Accepted Answer

A) authoritarian 
B) permissive 
C) uninvolved 
D) authoritative

Question 2

Which of the following explains the factor that could explain why children raised in cultures in which children are taught to cooperate with other family members to do chores or to help in the upbringing of younger children (such as in Kenya,Mexico,and the Philippines)show relatively high levels of prosocial behavior?

Accepted Answer

A) genetic influences 
B) heterogeneous practices 
C) sibling and peer influences 
D) childrearing styles

Question 3

Lawrence Kohlberg proposed that moral development occurs in a fixed order,and that people are unable to reach the highest stage of moral reasoning until __________ due to __________.

Accepted Answer

A) middle childhood;lack of cognitive development 
B) adolescence;lack of experience and peer pressure 
C) young adulthood;lack of experience 
D) adolescence;lack of cognitive development

Question 4

The theory that the abuse and neglect of children leads them to be predisposed to abusiveness as adults is called the __________.

Accepted Answer

A) midlife crisis resolution 
B) cycle of violence hypothesis 
C) normative-crisis proposal 
D) circumnavigation explanation

Question 5

Which term refers to the physical or psychological mistreatment or neglect of elderly individuals?

Accepted Answer

A) elder ignorance 
B) ageism 
C) elder abuse 
D) age discrimination

Question 6

Spanking is associated with ___________.

Accepted Answer

A) identity confusion and non-normative family roles 
B) better school performance and respect for authority 
C) poor parent-child relationships and antisocial behavior 
D) fostering self-regulation and moral awareness

Question 7

How is religious thinking characterized during the preoperational intuitive stage of religious development?

Accepted Answer

A) children rely on intuition to "feel" rather than "think about" the role of spirituality in society 
B) thinking is unsystematic;children misinterpret the meaning of religious stories 
C) thinking focuses on drawing inspiration from and inferences about religious stories 
D) children focus on the tangible details of a religious story

Question 8

About what percentage of women physically abuse their husbands?

Accepted Answer

A) 8 percent 
B) 10 percent 
C) 15 percent 
D) 20 percent

Question 9

Why might negative emotions produce moral behavior,according to both contemporary and psychoanalytic explanations?

Accepted Answer

A) Acting badly produces a rebound effect,in which people then want to act morally. 
B) The experience of both morality and contempt are closely linked in nearby brain structures. 
C) Children may act in moral,prosocial ways to avoid feelings of personal distress or guilt. 
D) Negative emotions spur the id to "challenge" the superego to enact moral behavior.

Question 10

__________ is the sense of attachment to some higher power,such as God,nature,or a sacred entity.

Accepted Answer

A) Cosmology 
B) Belief 
C) Spirituality 
D) Purpose

Question 11

Erica is envious of Sara's new sparkly red shoes.On the playground,she tells Sara she can't play with Erica and her friends because she's too fat.This is an example of __________.

Accepted Answer

A) developmental aggression 
B) relational aggression 
C) disordered aggression 
D) instrumental aggression

Question 12

Children tend to act less aggressively as they mature and develop __________.

Accepted Answer

A) relational self-control 
B) instrumental non-aggression 
C) social self-limitation 
D) emotional self-regulation

Question 13

People in Kohlberg's level of __________ morality rely upon universal moral principles that are broader than the rules of the particular society in which they live.

Accepted Answer

A) preconventional 
B) conventional 
C) postconventional 
D) metaconventional

Question 14

Which characteristic best describes the first of the three-stage process of women's morality,as theorized by Carol Gilligan?

Accepted Answer

A) goodness as self-sacrifice 
B) orientation toward individual survival 
C) morality of nonviolence 
D) moral equivalence established between self and others

Question 15

Although most Americans report having some religious affiliation,such affiliation is not fixed.More than __________ say they have left the faith in which they were raised and have become affiliated with another.

Accepted Answer

A) one-tenth 
B) one-fourth 
C) one-third 
D) one-half

Question 16

According to James Fowler's model of faith development,how do young children perceive God or other major religious deities?

Accepted Answer

A) in an abstract sense 
B) as a teacher or principal in an academic setting 
C) as parental substitutes 
D) in a literal sense

Question 17

Zhenya feels a strong sense of attachment to a sacred entity.This feeling is called __________.

Accepted Answer

A) closeness 
B) morality 
C) spirituality 
D) value

Question 18

Billy is a 5-year-old child who does not have a regular bedtime,is permitted to neglect personal hygiene,and doesn't usually participate in any simple chores,such as picking up the toys in his room.It would appear that Billy parents' style of parenting is __________.

Accepted Answer

A) permissive 
B) authoritarian 
C) involved 
D) authoritative

Question 19

Which stage of moral reasoning reflects a person's use of moral principles,which are seen as broader than those of any particular society?

Accepted Answer

A) conventional morality 
B) postconventional morality 
C) compartmentalized morality 
D) preconventional morality

Question 20

Some research evidence indicates that higher rates of prayer are associated with __________.

Accepted Answer

A) self-reports of greater happiness 
B) extended life expectancy 
C) more financial difficulties 
D) symptoms of psychological disturbance

Exam 11: Moral Development and Aggression