Question 1

RESEARCH STUDY 12.3: To study the effects of physical discomfort on attention, Dr.Lopez conducted the following study: A group of participants were required to keep one hand submerged in cold water (52 degrees).Half of the participants kept their hand in the water for 2 minutes, and half of the participants kept their hand in the water for 4 minutes.In addition, half of the participants were given a placebo pill and told it would reduce the pain of the water (pain relief assumed).The other half were given a placebo pill and told that it would have no effect (no pain relief assumed).While their hands were in the water, participants were asked to watch a video where a ball is quickly passed between and underneath three cups.At the end of the video, participants were asked to indicate under which cup the ball could be found.Whether or not the participant picked the correct cup was recorded (as a measure of whether they were paying attention).The results are below.  Using Dr.Lopez's study as an example, explain why an interaction can be described as "a difference in differences."

Accepted Answer

The answer of RESEARCH STUDY 12.3: To study the effects...

Question 2

You read an article that states, "How well you remember different types of information depends on the context in which you learned them." Based on this information, what else is true about this study?

Accepted Answer

A)  The influence of context on memory depends on the type of information presented. 
B)  You remember information best only when it's presented in a specific context. 
C)  There is no effect of context on memory. 
D)  There is an effect of information type on memory.

Question 3

RESEARCH STUDY 12.1: Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.The results of his study are below.  In Dr.Elder's study, how many possible main effects exist?

Accepted Answer

A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  3 
D)  4

Question 4

Which of the following phrases might a person encounter in a popular media article that indicates an interaction?

Accepted Answer

A)  "Statistically significant" 
B)  "Mixed factorial design" 
C)  "It depends" 
D)  "Mediator variables"

Question 5

Dr.Rhodes notices an interaction in his factorial study.In describing this, which statement might he use to explain the link between Independent Variable A and Independent Variable B in predicting the dependent variable?

Accepted Answer

A)  Variable A cancels out Variable B. 
B)  The effect of Variable A depends on Variable B. 
C)  Variable A mainly affects Variable B. 
D)  The effect of Variable A is mediated by Variable B.

Question 6

Why are factorial designs useful in testing theories?

Accepted Answer

A)  They allow researchers to explore the construct validity of a theory. 
B)  Results from factorial designs are typically straightforward and easy to interpret. 
C)  They allow researchers to understand the nuances of how variables interact. 
D)  Results from factorial designs are always intuitive.

Question 7

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2 × 4 independent-groups factorial design.How many cells are in his design?

Accepted Answer

A)  2 
B)  4 
C)  6 
D)  8

Question 8

RESEARCH STUDY 12.1: Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.The results of his study are below.  Which of the following best describes Dr.Elder's study?

Accepted Answer

A)  A 2 × 2 crossed factorial design 
B)  A 4 × 2 nested factorial design 
C)  A 2 × 1 mixed factorial design 
D)  A 2 × 4 within-groups factorial design

Question 9

RESEARCH STUDY 12.1: Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.The results of his study are below.  To make his study a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial design, which of the following would Dr.Elder need to do?

Accepted Answer

A)  Add a second dependent variable (quality of the category attributes listed) 
B)  Add a new manipulated variable (time to complete the task: 5 minutes versus 10 minutes versus 15 minutes) 
C)  Add a new participant variable (sex: males versus females) 
D)  Add a new independent variable (activity condition: alone versus with a friend)

Question 10

RESEARCH STUDY 12.1: Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.The results of his study are below.  By examining the marginal means, it appears that in this study:

Accepted Answer

A)  There are no meaningful main effects. 
B)  There is a main effect of focus of the activity. 
C)  There is no significant interaction. 
D)  There is no main effect of type of activity.

Question 11

A simple difference is also called:

Accepted Answer

A)  a factorial design. 
B)  a marginal means difference. 
C)  an interaction effect. 
D)  a main effect.

Question 12

RESEARCH STUDY 12.1: Dr.Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories.For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first.For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members.Dr.Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group).In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines.In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines.In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs.In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs.After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category.Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way.The results of his study are below.  In graphing the results of his study, which of the following would be true for Dr.Elder?

Accepted Answer

A)  Dr. Elder would see a crossover interaction. 
B)  Dr. Elder would reach different conclusions based on which independent variable he put on the x-axis. 
C)  Dr. Elder would not be able to use a line graph. 
D)  Dr. Elder would see a difference between the differences for one variable but not the other variable.

Question 13

RESEARCH STUDY 12.3: To study the effects of physical discomfort on attention, Dr.Lopez conducted the following study: A group of participants were required to keep one hand submerged in cold water (52 degrees).Half of the participants kept their hand in the water for 2 minutes, and half of the participants kept their hand in the water for 4 minutes.In addition, half of the participants were given a placebo pill and told it would reduce the pain of the water (pain relief assumed).The other half were given a placebo pill and told that it would have no effect (no pain relief assumed).While their hands were in the water, participants were asked to watch a video where a ball is quickly passed between and underneath three cups.At the end of the video, participants were asked to indicate under which cup the ball could be found.Whether or not the participant picked the correct cup was recorded (as a measure of whether they were paying attention).The results are below.  Imagine that Dr.Lopez decides to add another variable to his study.He is curious as to whether the results of the study vary based on sex (male and female).Using factorial notation, describe Dr.Lopez's study.Given this new study design, how does this change the number of cells, main effects, and interactions in Dr.Lopez's study?

Accepted Answer

The answer of RESEARCH STUDY 12.3: To study the effects...

Question 14

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2 × 4 independent-groups factorial design.How many main effects will Dr.Gavin need to examine?

Accepted Answer

A)  2 
B)  3 
C)  4 
D)  6

Question 15

Imagine that you are reading a journal article and you see the following sentence: "The study used a 2 × 2 × 4 design." Based on this sentence alone, you would know which of the following pieces of information?

Accepted Answer

A)  The number of participants in the study 
B)  The number of main effects that need to be examined 
C)  The statistical significance of the interaction 
D)  The number of participant variables

Question 16

If a person describes the results of a study to you by saying that there is a zero difference in one condition but a large difference in another condition, the person is most likely describing which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  A crossover interaction 
B)  A spreading interaction 
C)  A three-way interaction 
D)  A difference interaction

Question 17

Explain why researchers care about interactions more than main effects.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain why researchers care about interactions more...

Question 18

RESEARCH STUDY 12.3: To study the effects of physical discomfort on attention, Dr.Lopez conducted the following study: A group of participants were required to keep one hand submerged in cold water (52 degrees).Half of the participants kept their hand in the water for 2 minutes, and half of the participants kept their hand in the water for 4 minutes.In addition, half of the participants were given a placebo pill and told it would reduce the pain of the water (pain relief assumed).The other half were given a placebo pill and told that it would have no effect (no pain relief assumed).While their hands were in the water, participants were asked to watch a video where a ball is quickly passed between and underneath three cups.At the end of the video, participants were asked to indicate under which cup the ball could be found.Whether or not the participant picked the correct cup was recorded (as a measure of whether they were paying attention).The results are below.  Using the data table alone, discuss whether Dr.Lopez should conclude that an interaction exists in his study.

Accepted Answer

The answer of RESEARCH STUDY 12.3: To study the effects...

Exam 12: Experiments With More Than One Independent Variable

You read an article that states, "How well you remember different types of information depends on the context in which you learned them." Based on this information, what else is true about this study?

Which of the following phrases might a person encounter in a popular media article that indicates an interaction?

Dr.Rhodes notices an interaction in his factorial study.In describing this, which statement might he use to explain the link between Independent Variable A and Independent Variable B in predicting the dependent variable?

Why are factorial designs useful in testing theories?

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2 × 4 independent-groups factorial design.How many cells are in his design?

A simple difference is also called:

Dr.Gavin is conducting a 2 × 4 independent-groups factorial design.How many main effects will Dr.Gavin need to examine?

Imagine that you are reading a journal article and you see the following sentence: "The study used a 2 × 2 × 4 design." Based on this sentence alone, you would know which of the following pieces of information?

If a person describes the results of a study to you by saying that there is a zero difference in one condition but a large difference in another condition, the person is most likely describing which of the following?

Explain why researchers care about interactions more than main effects.