Which of the Following Is an Example of Vicarious Punishment

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

A) Alice notices that her friend Ellen gets extra attention from the teacher when she acts helpless. Alice begins to act helpless as well.
B) Bill knows that he will get a higher grade if he turns in a research paper that is typed rather than handwritten,but he turns in a handwritten paper anyway.
C) Connie sees her friend Maria scolded for chewing gum in class. She quickly takes her own gum out of her mouth.
D) David sees how Justin gets good grades when he works hard on his mathematics homework,but David doesn't want to work that hard.