Question 1

In the following study, male and female participants were instructed to press a button on a computer keyboard as soon as they detected a tone through their headphones. Participants were randomly assigned to hear either a loud tone or a soft tone. The researchers measured the amount of time it took participants to press the computer button (in milliseconds). Smaller numbers indicate better performance on the task.
 TAELE OF MEANS:

$\begin{array}{c}
\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\text { TONE INTENSITY }\
\begin{array} { l c c c c } & & \text { LOUD } & \text { SOFT } & \text { ROW M } \ \text { Participant } & \text { Female } & 516.70 & 834.50 & 675.60 \ \text { Sex } & \text { Male } & 528.80 & 763.80 & 646.30 \
&\text { COLUMN M }&522.75 & 799.15\
\end{array}\end{array}$
$$\text { Pop. } M = 660.95$$

SOURCE TAELE

-What is the dependent variable?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the following study, male and female...

Question 2

Explain the difference between a 2 x 2 design, a 2 x 3 design, and a 2 x 2 x 2 design.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain the difference between a 2 x...

Question 3

Example #2: A researcher takes a sample of 40 introverts and 40 extroverts and asks them to solve problems in either a crowded room or an uncrowded room. The researcher measures the number of problems solved (numbers can range from 0 problems solved to 25 problems solved).
 $$\begin{array} { | l | c | c | } 
\hline & \text { Crowded Roonl } & \text { Uncrowded Roorn } \
\hline \text { Introverts } & \boldsymbol { M } = 12 & \boldsymbol { M } = 12 \
\hline \text { Extroverts } & \boldsymbol { M } = 18 & \boldsymbol { M } = 18 \
\hline
\end{array}$$
-Name the dependent variable.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Example #2: A researcher takes a sample...

Question 4

How does the principle of parsimony relate to practical considerations when choosing a factorial design?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How does the principle of parsimony relate...

Question 5

Suppose instead, you obtained the following data:
 $$\begin{array} { | l | c | c | } 
\hline & \text { Marning Testing } & \text { Afternoon Testing } \
\hline \text { Older Adults } & \boldsymbol { M } = 15 & \boldsymbol { M } = 15 \
\hline \text { Yourger Adults } & \boldsymbol { M } = 19 & \boldsymbol { M } = \mathbf { 2 0 } \
\hline
\end{array}$$
-Does there appear to be a main effect of time of day?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Suppose instead, you obtained the following data:
...

Question 6

Suppose instead, you obtained the following data:
 $$\begin{array} { | l | c | c | } 
\hline & \text { Crowded Roonl } & \text { Uncrowded Roorn } \
\hline \text { Introverts } & \boldsymbol { M } = 12 & \boldsymbol { M } = 18 \
\hline \text { Extroverts } & \boldsymbol { M } = 18 & \boldsymbol { M } = 12 \
\hline
\end{array}$$
-Does there appear to be a main effect of room?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Suppose instead, you obtained the following data:
...

Question 7

Questions refer to Table 12-4. A researcher is interested in determining just how much negative interactions with strangers affect our sense of well-being. In this example, participants completed a scale of positive affect. Later, either a pleasant or unpleasant confederate is randomly assigned to interact with each participant. At the end of the experiment, participants’ positive affect is again assessed. Positive affect scores could range from 1 (low positive affect) to 15 (high positive affect).
Table 12-4
TABLE OF MEANS:

$\begin{array}{c}
\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\text { TIME POSITIVE AFFECT ASSESSED }\
\begin{array} { l l c c r } & & \text { BEFORE EXPERIMENT } & \text { AFTER EXPERIMENT } & \text { ROW M } \ \text { Confederate } & \text { Pleasant } & 11.10 & 13.30 & 12.20 \ \text { Demeanor } & \text { Unpleasant } & 10.60 & 3.50 & 7.05 \ & \text { COLUMN M } & 10.85 & 8.40 & \ & & & \text { Pop. } \mathrm { M } = 9.63 \end{array} \end{array}$

SOURCE TABLE

$\begin{array}{lcccccc}
\text { SOURCE } & \text { SS } & \text { df } & \text { MS } & \text { F } & p \
\text { Between subjects effects } & & & & & & \
\quad \text { Confederate Demeanor } & 265.23 & 1 & 3705.63 & 420.43 & .000 \
\quad \text { Error } & 158.65 & 18 & 8.81 & & \
& & & & & \
\text { Within subjects effects } & & & & & & \
\quad \text { Time } & 60.03 & 1 & 60.03 & 18.14 & .000 \
\text { Confederate } x \text { Time } & 216.23 & 1 & 216.23 & 65.69 & .000\
\
\text { Error }& 59.25 & 18 & 3.29
\end{array}$
-Refer to Table 12-4. Confederate demeanor is a ______-subjects variable and time is a ______-subjects variable.

Accepted Answer

A)  between; between 
B)  within; within 
C)  between; within 
D)  within; between

Question 8

In a factorial design, researchers use

Accepted Answer

A)  one independent variable with three or more levels. 
B)  one independent variable with three or more levels and one dependent variable. 
C)  one independent variable with three or more levels and multiple dependent variables. 
D)  two or more independent variables.

Question 9

Questions refer to Table 12-4. A researcher is interested in determining just how much negative interactions with strangers affect our sense of well-being. In this example, participants completed a scale of positive affect. Later, either a pleasant or unpleasant confederate is randomly assigned to interact with each participant. At the end of the experiment, participants’ positive affect is again assessed. Positive affect scores could range from 1 (low positive affect) to 15 (high positive affect).
Table 12-4
TABLE OF MEANS:

$\begin{array}{c}
\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\quad\text { TIME POSITIVE AFFECT ASSESSED }\
\begin{array} { l l c c r } & & \text { BEFORE EXPERIMENT } & \text { AFTER EXPERIMENT } & \text { ROW M } \ \text { Confederate } & \text { Pleasant } & 11.10 & 13.30 & 12.20 \ \text { Demeanor } & \text { Unpleasant } & 10.60 & 3.50 & 7.05 \ & \text { COLUMN M } & 10.85 & 8.40 & \ & & & \text { Pop. } \mathrm { M } = 9.63 \end{array} \end{array}$

SOURCE TABLE

$\begin{array}{lcccccc}
\text { SOURCE } & \text { SS } & \text { df } & \text { MS } & \text { F } & p \
\text { Between subjects effects } & & & & & & \
\quad \text { Confederate Demeanor } & 265.23 & 1 & 3705.63 & 420.43 & .000 \
\quad \text { Error } & 158.65 & 18 & 8.81 & & \
& & & & & \
\text { Within subjects effects } & & & & & & \
\quad \text { Time } & 60.03 & 1 & 60.03 & 18.14 & .000 \
\text { Confederate } x \text { Time } & 216.23 & 1 & 216.23 & 65.69 & .000\
\
\text { Error }& 59.25 & 18 & 3.29
\end{array}$
-Refer to Table 12-2. Which of the following is an accurate depiction of the results?

Accepted Answer

A)  In a 90-degree room, men and women administered the same number of shocks, but in a 70-degree room, men administered more shocks than women. 
B)  In a 70-degree room, women administered more shocks than men, whereas in a 90-degree room, men administered more shocks than women. 
C)  Men and women administered the same number of shocks when in a 70-degree room, but men administered more shocks than women in the 90-degree room. 
D)  Men administered more shocks than women in both a 70-degree room and a 90-degree room.

Question 10

Which of the following is a concern regarding the use of a completely within-subjects factorial design using repeated measures?

Accepted Answer

A)  The researcher needs a large enough sample size for the random assignment to work. 
B)  It is difficult to form large sets of participants who are equated on the matching variable. 
C)  Participants might figure out the hypothesis; thus, demand characteristics are a concern. 
D)  All of the above.

Question 11

In a 2 x 2 design, how many F ratios will we calculate?

Accepted Answer

A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  3 
D)  4

Exam 12: Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Experiments With Multiple Independent Variables

Explain the difference between a 2 x 2 design, a 2 x 3 design, and a 2 x 2 x 2 design.

How does the principle of parsimony relate to practical considerations when choosing a factorial design?

In a factorial design, researchers use

Which of the following is a concern regarding the use of a completely within-subjects factorial design using repeated measures?

In a 2 x 2 design, how many F ratios will we calculate?