Question 1

Describe in your own words self-discrepancy theory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe in your own words self-discrepancy theory....

Question 2

In the following study, participants were randomly assigned to receive humanistic therapy, psychodynamic therapy, or behavioral therapy for their depression. Six months after therapy ended, participants' levels of depression were rated on a Likert scale from 1 (not at all depressed) to 15 (extremely depressed).
 $\begin{array}{lcccc}
{\text { GROUP }} & \text { N } & \text { MEAN } & \text { STD DEV } & \text { STD ERROR } \
\text { 1 (humanistic) } & 10 & 5.40 & 2.17 & 0.69 \
\text { 2 (psychodynamic) } & 10 & 7.50 & 2.84 & 0.90 \
\text { 3 (behavioral) } & 10 & 5.60 & 3.13 & 0.99
\end{array}$

ONEWAY ANOVA: THERAPY bY DEPRESSION
$\begin{array} { l c c c c c } & \text { SUM OF } & & \text { MEAN } & & \ \text { SOURCE } & \text { SQUARES } & \text { DF } & \text { SQUARES } & \text { F RATIO } & \text { PROB. } \ & & & & & \ \text { BETWEEN GROUPS } & 26.87 & 2 & 13.73 & 1.78 & .187 \ \text { WTHIN GROUPS } & 203.30 & 27 & 7.53 & & \ \text { TOTAL } & 230.17 & 29 & & & \end{array}$

POST HOC TEST: Tukey-HSD with significance level .05
* Indicates significant differences shown for pairings

$\begin{array}{lll}
G & G & G \
r & r & r \
p & p & p \
1 & 2 & 3
\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}
\text { Mean}& \text { THERAPY }\
5.40 & \text { Grp 1 } \
7.50 & \text { Grp 2 } \
5.60 & \text { Grp 3 }

\end{array}$

-Is this a two-group design or a multiple-group design? How do you know?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the following study, participants were randomly...

Question 3

Questions refer to Table 11-2. In this study, 10 children completed a survey regarding their impressions of smokers at age 8 and then again at age 10 and 12. Scores could range from 1 (extreme negative impression of smokers) to 20 (extreme positive impression of smokers).

Table 11-2
$\begin{array} { c c c c c } \text { GROUP } & \mathrm { N } & \text { MEAN } & \text { STD DEV } & \text { STD ERROR } \ 1 \text { (AGE 8) } & 10 & 9.70 & 5.89 & 1.86 \ 2 \text { (AGE 10) } & 10 & 10.40 & 5.58 & 1.76 \ 3 \text { (AGE 12) } & 10 & 11.80 & 5.94 & 1.88 \end{array}$

ONEWAY ANOVA: SMOKING by AGE (CORR SAMP)

$\begin{array} { l c c c r r }

& \text { SUM OF } & \text { MEAN } & & \ \text { SOURCE } & \text { SQUARES } & \text { DF } & \text { SQUARES } & \text { F RATIO } & \text { PROB. } \ 
\text { AGE } & 22.87 & 2 & 11.43 & 6.76 & .006 \
\text { SUBJECTS } & 879.63 & 9 & 97.74 & 34.71 & .000 \
\text { WITHIN CELLS } & 30.47 & 18 & 1.69 & & \
\text { TOTAL } & 932.97 & 29 & & &
 \end{array}$

POST HOC TEST: Tukey-HSD with significance level .05
* Indicates significant differences shown for pairings
$\begin{array} { l l l } \mathrm { G } & \mathrm { G } & \mathrm { G } \ \mathrm { r } & \mathrm { r } & \mathrm { r } \ \mathrm { p } & \mathrm { p } & \mathrm { p } \ 1 & 2 & 3 \end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}
\text { Mean } & \mathrm{AGE}\

9.70 & \text { Grp } 1 \
10.40 & \text { Grp 2 } \
11.80 & \text { Grp } 3

\end{array}$
-Consult Table 11-2. What kind of research design is this?

Accepted Answer

A)  Multiple-groups design for correlated groups 
B)  Multiple-groups design for independent groups 
C)  Single-case experimental design 
D)  Two-groups design for correlated groups

Question 4

Questions refer to Table 11-2. In this study, 10 children completed a survey regarding their impressions of smokers at age 8 and then again at age 10 and 12. Scores could range from 1 (extreme negative impression of smokers) to 20 (extreme positive impression of smokers).

Table 11-2
$\begin{array} { c c c c c } \text { GROUP } & \mathrm { N } & \text { MEAN } & \text { STD DEV } & \text { STD ERROR } \ 1 \text { (AGE 8) } & 10 & 9.70 & 5.89 & 1.86 \ 2 \text { (AGE 10) } & 10 & 10.40 & 5.58 & 1.76 \ 3 \text { (AGE 12) } & 10 & 11.80 & 5.94 & 1.88 \end{array}$

ONEWAY ANOVA: SMOKING by AGE (CORR SAMP)

$\begin{array} { l c c c r r }

& \text { SUM OF } & \text { MEAN } & & \ \text { SOURCE } & \text { SQUARES } & \text { DF } & \text { SQUARES } & \text { F RATIO } & \text { PROB. } \ 
\text { AGE } & 22.87 & 2 & 11.43 & 6.76 & .006 \
\text { SUBJECTS } & 879.63 & 9 & 97.74 & 34.71 & .000 \
\text { WITHIN CELLS } & 30.47 & 18 & 1.69 & & \
\text { TOTAL } & 932.97 & 29 & & &
 \end{array}$

POST HOC TEST: Tukey-HSD with significance level .05
* Indicates significant differences shown for pairings
$\begin{array} { l l l } \mathrm { G } & \mathrm { G } & \mathrm { G } \ \mathrm { r } & \mathrm { r } & \mathrm { r } \ \mathrm { p } & \mathrm { p } & \mathrm { p } \ 1 & 2 & 3 \end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}
\text { Mean } & \mathrm{AGE}\

9.70 & \text { Grp } 1 \
10.40 & \text { Grp 2 } \
11.80 & \text { Grp } 3

\end{array}$
-Consult Table 11-1. Why are the degrees of freedom between groups equal to 2?

Accepted Answer

A)  Because there are two groups. 
B)  Because there are three groups. 
C)  Because there are two significant differences. 
D)  Because the formula for df between is always 1 + 1.

Question 5

Questions refer to Table 11-2. In this study, 10 children completed a survey regarding their impressions of smokers at age 8 and then again at age 10 and 12. Scores could range from 1 (extreme negative impression of smokers) to 20 (extreme positive impression of smokers).

Table 11-2
$\begin{array} { c c c c c } \text { GROUP } & \mathrm { N } & \text { MEAN } & \text { STD DEV } & \text { STD ERROR } \ 1 \text { (AGE 8) } & 10 & 9.70 & 5.89 & 1.86 \ 2 \text { (AGE 10) } & 10 & 10.40 & 5.58 & 1.76 \ 3 \text { (AGE 12) } & 10 & 11.80 & 5.94 & 1.88 \end{array}$

ONEWAY ANOVA: SMOKING by AGE (CORR SAMP)

$\begin{array} { l c c c r r }

& \text { SUM OF } & \text { MEAN } & & \ \text { SOURCE } & \text { SQUARES } & \text { DF } & \text { SQUARES } & \text { F RATIO } & \text { PROB. } \ 
\text { AGE } & 22.87 & 2 & 11.43 & 6.76 & .006 \
\text { SUBJECTS } & 879.63 & 9 & 97.74 & 34.71 & .000 \
\text { WITHIN CELLS } & 30.47 & 18 & 1.69 & & \
\text { TOTAL } & 932.97 & 29 & & &
 \end{array}$

POST HOC TEST: Tukey-HSD with significance level .05
* Indicates significant differences shown for pairings
$\begin{array} { l l l } \mathrm { G } & \mathrm { G } & \mathrm { G } \ \mathrm { r } & \mathrm { r } & \mathrm { r } \ \mathrm { p } & \mathrm { p } & \mathrm { p } \ 1 & 2 & 3 \end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}
\text { Mean } & \mathrm{AGE}\

9.70 & \text { Grp } 1 \
10.40 & \text { Grp 2 } \
11.80 & \text { Grp } 3

\end{array}$
-Consult Table 11-1. What kind of research design is this?

Accepted Answer

A)  Multiple-correlated-groups design 
B)  Multiple-independent-groups design 
C)  Ex post facto research design 
D)  Correlational research design

Question 6

What does it mean for an experiment to be confounded? Describe an example of a confounded experiment using multiple groups.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What does it mean for an experiment...

Question 7

In the following study, participants were randomly assigned to receive humanistic therapy, psychodynamic therapy, or behavioral therapy for their depression. Six months after therapy ended, participants' levels of depression were rated on a Likert scale from 1 (not at all depressed) to 15 (extremely depressed).
 $\begin{array}{lcccc}
{\text { GROUP }} & \text { N } & \text { MEAN } & \text { STD DEV } & \text { STD ERROR } \
\text { 1 (humanistic) } & 10 & 5.40 & 2.17 & 0.69 \
\text { 2 (psychodynamic) } & 10 & 7.50 & 2.84 & 0.90 \
\text { 3 (behavioral) } & 10 & 5.60 & 3.13 & 0.99
\end{array}$

ONEWAY ANOVA: THERAPY bY DEPRESSION
$\begin{array} { l c c c c c } & \text { SUM OF } & & \text { MEAN } & & \ \text { SOURCE } & \text { SQUARES } & \text { DF } & \text { SQUARES } & \text { F RATIO } & \text { PROB. } \ & & & & & \ \text { BETWEEN GROUPS } & 26.87 & 2 & 13.73 & 1.78 & .187 \ \text { WTHIN GROUPS } & 203.30 & 27 & 7.53 & & \ \text { TOTAL } & 230.17 & 29 & & & \end{array}$

POST HOC TEST: Tukey-HSD with significance level .05
* Indicates significant differences shown for pairings

$\begin{array}{lll}
G & G & G \
r & r & r \
p & p & p \
1 & 2 & 3
\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}
\text { Mean}& \text { THERAPY }\
5.40 & \text { Grp 1 } \
7.50 & \text { Grp 2 } \
5.60 & \text { Grp 3 }

\end{array}$

-What is the independent variable in this study?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the following study, participants were randomly...

Question 8

The belief that explanations of phenomena should remain simple until the simple explanations are no longer valid is known as the

Accepted Answer

A)  error variability. 
B)  asymptotic principle. 
C)  principle of parsimony. 
D)  placebo principle.

Question 9

According to your text, "You find a research idea when you identify a gap in the current knowledge base…" . What was the gap in the knowledge base, according to the authors?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to your text, "You find a...

Question 10

On average, when error variability _________, the statistical value _________.

Accepted Answer

A)  increases; increases 
B)  decreases; decreases 
C)  increases; remains the same 
D)  decreases; increases

Question 11

Courtney conducts a study in which she randomly assigns some rats to receive a high dose of alcohol, other rats to receive a low dose of alcohol, and a final group receives no alcohol. She measures the time it takes them to learn a new maze. Courtney's study represents a(n) __________ and her statistical technique for analyzing the data should be a ___________.

Accepted Answer

A)  ex post facto design; repeated-measures ANOVA 
B)  ex post facto design; completely randomized ANOVA 
C)  true experiment; completely randomized ANOVA 
D)  true experiment; repeated-measures ANOVA

Question 12

Suppose you obtain the following distribution in an experiment:  Based on this distribution, you should conclude that the F ratio is _______ and _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  zero; not significant 
B)  zero; significant 
C)  one; not significant 
D)  one; significant 
E)  large; significant

Question 13

Compare and contrast the multiple-independent-groups-design and the multiple-correlated-groups design. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare and contrast the multiple-independent-groups-design and the...

Question 14

Larry conducts an experiment with three groups: (1) writing about traumatic events, (2) writing about happy events, and (3) writing about neutral events. Larry then measures the number of visits each participant makes to the health center over the next six months. Larry gives the participants a pretest regarding their health visits prior to the study so that he can create sets of participants who are equivalent on that variable. Participants are randomly assigned to condition from each set. Larry has used _________ sets.

Accepted Answer

A)  natural 
B)  independent 
C)  repeated measures 
D)  matched

Question 15

A researcher was interested in determining the effectiveness of humanistic therapy for alleviating depression. He administered a depression inventory to a sample of clients with depression on three occasions: before therapy started, two months after therapy began, and four months into therapy. Depression scores could range from 1 (not at all depressed) to 15 (extremely depressed).
 $\begin{array}{ccccc}
\text { GROUP } & \mathrm{N} & \text { MEAN } & \text { STD DEV } & \text { STD ERROR } \
1 \text { (Time 1) } & 10 & 13.50 & 1.58 & 0.50 \
2 \text { (Time 2) } & 10 & 9.40 & 2.88 & 0.91 \
3 \text { (Time 3) } & 10 & 7.30 & 4.06 & 1.28
\end{array}$

$\text { ONEWAY ANOVA: DEPRESSION by TIME (CORR SAMP) }$

$\begin{array}{lrrrrr} 
& \text { SUM OF } &&  {\text { MEAN }} \
\text { SOURCE } & \text { SQUARES } & \text { DF } & \text { SQUARES } & \text { F RATIO } & \text { PROB. } \
\text { TIME } & 198.87 & 2 & 99.43 & 18.43 & .000 \
\text { SUBJECTS } & 147.88 & 9 & 16.43 & 185.04 & .000 \
\text { WITHIN CELLS } & 97.13 & 18 & 5.40 & & \
\text { TOTAL } & 443.88 & 29 & & &
\end{array}$

POST HOC TEST: Tukey-HSD with significance level .05
* Indicates significant differences shown for pairings

$\begin{array}{lll}
G & G & G \
r & r & r \
p & p & p \
1 & 2 & 3
\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}
\text { Mean}&\text { TIME }\

13.50 & \text { Grp } 1 \
9.40 & \text { Grp 2 } \
7.30 & \text { Grp 3 }

\end{array}$

-Why is a probability value of .000 slightly misleading?

Accepted Answer

The answer of A researcher was interested in determining the...

Question 16

What kind of definitions do researchers use when planning their experiments?

Accepted Answer

A)  dictionary definitions 
B)  operational definitions 
C)  ANOVA definitions 
D)  summarized definitions

Question 17

If each participant in an experiment has an equal chance of being in any of the groups, then the researcher has used __________ assignment.

Accepted Answer

A)  correlated 
B)  random 
C)  nonrandom 
D)  ex post facto

Question 18

When you assign your participants to multiple groups randomly, you analyze your data using a _____________ ANOVA.

Accepted Answer

A)  repeated-measures 
B)  correlated-groups 
C)  completely randomized 
D)  within-subjects

Question 19

________-groups variability represents the variation in the DV that is due to the IV, and ________-groups variability represents the variation in the DV that is due to such factors as individual differences and errors in measurement.

Accepted Answer

A)  Between; within 
B)  Within; error 
C)  Error; within 
D)  Within; between

Question 20

A researcher was interested in determining the effectiveness of humanistic therapy for alleviating depression. He administered a depression inventory to a sample of clients with depression on three occasions: before therapy started, two months after therapy began, and four months into therapy. Depression scores could range from 1 (not at all depressed) to 15 (extremely depressed).
 $\begin{array}{ccccc}
\text { GROUP } & \mathrm{N} & \text { MEAN } & \text { STD DEV } & \text { STD ERROR } \
1 \text { (Time 1) } & 10 & 13.50 & 1.58 & 0.50 \
2 \text { (Time 2) } & 10 & 9.40 & 2.88 & 0.91 \
3 \text { (Time 3) } & 10 & 7.30 & 4.06 & 1.28
\end{array}$

$\text { ONEWAY ANOVA: DEPRESSION by TIME (CORR SAMP) }$

$\begin{array}{lrrrrr} 
& \text { SUM OF } &&  {\text { MEAN }} \
\text { SOURCE } & \text { SQUARES } & \text { DF } & \text { SQUARES } & \text { F RATIO } & \text { PROB. } \
\text { TIME } & 198.87 & 2 & 99.43 & 18.43 & .000 \
\text { SUBJECTS } & 147.88 & 9 & 16.43 & 185.04 & .000 \
\text { WITHIN CELLS } & 97.13 & 18 & 5.40 & & \
\text { TOTAL } & 443.88 & 29 & & &
\end{array}$

POST HOC TEST: Tukey-HSD with significance level .05
* Indicates significant differences shown for pairings

$\begin{array}{lll}
G & G & G \
r & r & r \
p & p & p \
1 & 2 & 3
\end{array}$

$\begin{array}{ll}
\text { Mean}&\text { TIME }\

13.50 & \text { Grp } 1 \
9.40 & \text { Grp 2 } \
7.30 & \text { Grp 3 }

\end{array}$

-What is the independent variable in this study?

Accepted Answer

The answer of A researcher was interested in determining the...

Exam 11: Designing, Conducting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Experiments With More Than Two Groups

Describe in your own words self-discrepancy theory.

What does it mean for an experiment to be confounded? Describe an example of a confounded experiment using multiple groups.

The belief that explanations of phenomena should remain simple until the simple explanations are no longer valid is known as the

According to your text, "You find a research idea when you identify a gap in the current knowledge base…" . What was the gap in the knowledge base, according to the authors?

On average, when error variability _, the statistical value _.

Suppose you obtain the following distribution in an experiment: Based on this distribution, you should conclude that the F ratio is _ and _.

Compare and contrast the multiple-independent-groups-design and the multiple-correlated-groups design. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?

What kind of definitions do researchers use when planning their experiments?

If each participant in an experiment has an equal chance of being in any of the groups, then the researcher has used __________ assignment.

When you assign your participants to multiple groups randomly, you analyze your data using a _____________ ANOVA.

-groups variability represents the variation in the DV that is due to the IV, and -groups variability represents the variation in the DV that is due to such factors as individual differences and errors in measurement.