Question 1

Six-year-old Douglas is telling one of his mother's friends about his birthday party that occurred several weeks ago. As he describes his friends, the food, and his favorite presents, he is recalling:

Accepted Answer

A)  procedural memories. 
B)  autobiographical memories. 
C)  short-term memories 
D)  executive memories.

Question 2

The Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program provides all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  transportation. 
B)  nutrition education. 
C)  health-care referrals. 
D)  healthy supplemental foods.

Question 3

Kevin is just learning to walk. He can take a few steps by himself if he uses both hands to hold on to a piece of furniture for support, but he can walk out into the middle of the room only if one of his parents holds his hands. Which of the following represents the lower limit of Kevin's zone of proximal development (ZPD) for walking?

Accepted Answer

A)  Kevin learning to run after he has mastered walking by himself 
B)  Kevin going back to crawling when he becomes frustrated trying to walk by himself 
C)  Kevin walking alone by holding onto a piece of furniture with his hands 
D)  Kevin learning to walk by having his parents hold one of his hands

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT one of the key principles outlined in your textbook that contributes to optimal word learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Children learn the words they hear most often. 
B)  Children learn words for things that interest them. 
C)  Children learn words best in contexts that are abstract. 
D)  Children learn words best when grammar and vocabulary are considered.

Question 5

_____ refers to the meaning of specific words and sentences.

Accepted Answer

A)  Phonology 
B)  Morphology 
C)  Semantics 
D)  Syntax

Question 6

When adults are working with young children, they often provide a lot of hints, assistance, instructions, and other support to help the children succeed. As the children demonstrate they can do more for themselves, the adults begin to withdraw these supports. This technique is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  accommodation. 
B)  regulation. 
C)  scaffolding. 
D)  assimilation.

Question 7

Peggy is shown two rows of buttons. Each row has five buttons in it, but one is spread out much longer. Even though Peggy can count five buttons in each row, she insists the row with the buttons spread out "has more." No matter how you ask, she insists that the "longer" row "has more." She is demonstrating:

Accepted Answer

A)  pragmatics. 
B)  animism. 
C)  conservation. 
D)  centration.

Question 8

Tyler is looking at a picture book when he sees his favorite animal-a tiger. His father asks, "What are you smiling at?" Tyler turns the book around so his father can see the picture. Tyler first became able to understand his father's perspective at age:

Accepted Answer

A)  three years. 
B)  four years. 
C)  five years. 
D)  six years.

Question 9

Ethan, age four, reasons that every time he sees a lightning bolt in the sky, angels are turning on their flashlights. Ethan's primitive reasoning about lightning is characteristic of:

Accepted Answer

A)  symbolic function. 
B)  intuitive thought. 
C)  egocentrism. 
D)  centration.

Question 10

Describe the WIC program and summarize research findings that show it is successful.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the WIC program and summarize research...

Question 11

In general, conservation involves the ability to understand that changes in physical arrangement or appearance:

Accepted Answer

A)  do not change an object's basic properties. 
B)  affect an object's inherent features. 
C)  determine the total volume needed for a given task. 
D)  must be considered before the characteristics of an object can be determined.

Question 12

Vihaan's father noticed that his daughter used to repeat the ingredients for her favorite sandwich aloud. Now that she is older, her private speech has become _____, so that she can make the sandwich silently.

Accepted Answer

A)  silent speech 
B)  inner speech 
C)  automatic speech 
D)  private speech

Question 13

Which of the following is a criticism of Vygotsky's theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Vygotsky was specific about age-related changes and generalized all individuals. 
B)  Vygotsky overemphasized the role of language in thinking. 
C)  Vygotsky particularly described how changes in socioemotional capabilities contribute to cognitive development, which is highly subjective. 
D)  Vygotsky laid no emphasis on guidance that plays an important role in learning.

Question 14

The second substage of preoperational thought, occurring between approximately four and seven years of age, is characterized by the use of:

Accepted Answer

A)  reversible mental actions. 
B)  egocentric views. 
C)  primitive reasoning. 
D)  symbolic thought.

Question 15

In studying children's impulsivity and ability to delay gratification that involved resisting a cookie, "cool thoughts" refer to:

Accepted Answer

A)  thoughts about ice cream. 
B)  thoughts that focus on the cookie. 
C)  thought about penguins. 
D)  thoughts about anything other than the cookie.

Question 16

Early Head Start was established in 1995 to serve children from _____ years of age.

Accepted Answer

A)  4 to 5 
B)  2 to 4 
C)  5 to 10 
D)  birth to 3

Question 17

Which of the following describes what Lev Vygotsky believed about the development of thought and language?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are merged early in development and later separate. 
B)  Thought develops faster than language, thus they don't merge but language follows thought. 
C)  They develop independently at first and merge later in development. 
D)  They are two separate functions that remain independent throughout development.

Question 18

An umbrella-like concept that encompasses a number of higher-level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain's prefrontal cortex.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An umbrella-like concept that encompasses a number...

Question 19

Different from the statistics in the United States, many children from other countries die of:

Accepted Answer

A)  second-hand smoke. 
B)  preventable infectious diseases. 
C)  sudden infant death syndrome. 
D)  cardiovascular disease.

Question 20

When adults are working with young children, they often provide a lot of hints, assistance, instructions, and other support to help the children succeed. As the children demonstrate they can do more for themselves, the adults begin to withdraw these supports. This shows the adults' direct involvement in the children's:

Accepted Answer

A)  zone of proximal development. 
B)  development of conservational abilities. 
C)  enhancement of language development. 
D)  process of centration.

Exam 5: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood