Question 1

You want your dog to learn to lie down when you are about to give him a treat.If you first reinforce his behavior when he sits, then when he sits and stays, then when he lies down, you are using the technique called

Accepted Answer

A) shaping. 
B) Pavlovian conditioning. 
C) the Premack principle. 
D) negative reinforcement.

Question 2

What is the proper order of events that need to take place in order for classical conditioning to occur?

Accepted Answer

A) unconditioned response presentation $\rightarrow$ conditioned stimulus presentation, which elicits the unconditioned stimulus $\rightarrow$ after many trials, the unconditioned response elicits the conditioned stimulus 
B) conditioned response presentation $\rightarrow$ unconditioned response presentation, which elicits the conditioned response $\rightarrow$ after many trials, the conditioned response elicits the unconditioned stimulus 
C) unconditioned stimulus presentation $\rightarrow$ conditioned stimulus presentation, which elicits the conditioned response $\rightarrow$ after many trials, the unconditioned stimulus elicits the unconditioned response 
D) conditioned stimulus presentation $\rightarrow$ unconditioned stimulus presentation, which elicits the unconditioned response $\rightarrow$ after many trials, the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response

Question 3

In , learning occurs because of the consequences that follow the behavior.

Accepted Answer

A) classical conditioning 
B) operant conditioning 
C) observational learning 
D) imitation

Question 4

Which of the following results from an existing association having been overridden?

Accepted Answer

A) the feel of a needle in the skin eliciting the effects of heroin 
B) contextual cues increasing drug cravings 
C) the effectiveness of treatment centers in getting addicts to quit 
D) the smell of coffee eliciting arousal

Question 5

Which of the following is the result of natural development?

Accepted Answer

A) The second time she gets her eyes tested, Sammy blinks when the buzzer rings because she predicts a puff of air is coming after the buzzer. 
B) A baby begins to reach and fuss when his mother opens the refrigerator to get the bottle out. 
C) A baby can sit up at six months but rarely can at two months. 
D) Your cat runs to the kitchen at the sound of a can opener.

Question 6

A mother is tying her own shoes in front of her toddler.She is using exaggerated, slow movements to tie her shoes.She is

Accepted Answer

A) imitating. 
B) mirroring. 
C) demonstrating. 
D) reinforcing.

Question 7

If you trained a rat to fear a flashing light by pairing it with a painful electric shock, what would be the conditioned stimulus?

Accepted Answer

A) flashing light 
B) electric shock 
C) fear 
D) extinction

Question 8

Behaviorism has helped psychologists gain an understanding of drug tolerance by showing that

Accepted Answer

A) cues in the environment predictive of the drug can produce physiological reactions related to the drug. 
B) drugs produce physiological changes in the user. 
C) punishment is an effective but controversial treatment for overcoming drug withdrawal. 
D) drug therapies such as methadone need to be conditioned to be effective.

Question 9

According to Siegel's research, drug tolerance is greatest when the drug is taken in the same location as a prior use because

Accepted Answer

A) contextual cues make the drug's effects begin before the drug is even taken. 
B) the body alters neurochemistry or physiology to metabolize the drug before the drug is even taken. 
C) the reward system preactivates the dopamine response. 
D) drug addicts are fearful of new contexts.

Question 10

"Once you classically condition an animal it is impossible to completely terminate the association." This statement is

Accepted Answer

A) false. 
B) true. 
C) false only in humans. 
D) true only in humans.

Question 11

Being fined for overdue books is a form of

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcement. 
B) negative reinforcement. 
C) positive punishment. 
D) negative punishment.

Question 12

Imagine that someone's mirror neurons stop working.According to some theories, what would happen if this person sees a friend receive a paper cut?

Accepted Answer

A) They would not understand what happened. 
B) They would understand what happened but would not flinch. 
C) They would immediately acquire a fear of paper. 
D) They would mistake something else as the cause of the cut.

Question 13

You are driving to school when suddenly an ambulance rushes past you with its sirens blaring, shocking you so much that you fear that you might lose control of your car.A minute later, you hear sirens in the distance and increase your vigilance to be prepared for another emergency vehicle on the road.What change has come over your normal reaction to sirens?

Accepted Answer

A) Hebbian learning 
B) sensitization 
C) habituation 
D) fight-or-flight response

Question 14

The neural structure responsible for releasing dopamine in response to reinforcement is the

Accepted Answer

A) nucleus accumbens. 
B) insula. 
C) raphe nucleus. 
D) orbitofrontal cortex.

Question 15

Golf course owners put their sprinklers on a schedule so that people can know when they can play on the course without getting wet.

Accepted Answer

A) fixed 
B) variable 
C) ratio 
D) continuous

Question 16

Food tastes better when you are hungry than when you are not because dopamine is released by your .

Accepted Answer

A) more; amygdala 
B) less; amygdala 
C) more; nucleus accumbens 
D) less; nucleus accumbens

Question 17

When slight differences in the form of conditioned stimuli still produce the same conditioned response, the learning phenomenon of is occurring.

Accepted Answer

A) generalization 
B) discrimination 
C) second-order conditioning 
D) operant conditioning

Question 18

A relatively permanent change in behavior that is due to experience is called

Accepted Answer

A) maturation. 
B) development. 
C) learning. 
D) behaviorism.

Question 19

What causes extinction?

Accepted Answer

A) The conditioned response is no longer rewarding to the organism. 
B) The unconditioned stimulus no longer evokes a response from the organism. 
C) The organism learns that the conditioned stimulus no longer predicts the unconditioned stimulus. 
D) Spontaneous recovery fails to occur.

Question 20

Gambling on a slot machine involves rewards on a schedule.

Accepted Answer

A) fixed interval 
B) fixed ratio 
C) variable interval 
D) variable ratio

Exam 6: Learning