Question 1

To determine whether a particular example of learning is classical conditioning or operant conditioning,which question should one ask?

Accepted Answer

A) Does the individual's behavior control the delivery of reinforcement? 
B) Does the individual move the whole body or just a single muscle? 
C) Is the reinforcement pleasant or unpleasant? 
D) Does the learning occur quickly or does it require many repetitions?

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A) After a rat learns to press a lever for food,it stops pressing when it is no longer hungry. 
B) A rat learns to press a lever to obtain food. 
C) A rat learns to press a lever to escape from an electric shock. 
D) After a rat learns to press a lever to obtain food,it stops pressing if it is punished for pressing the lever.

Question 3

Conditioned taste aversion has been used to keep coyotes from killing sheep without affecting their willingness to hunt for other prey.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

Conditioned taste aversion is

Accepted Answer

A) a clear example of classical conditioning. 
B) a clear example of operant conditioning. 
C) difficult to classify because it occurs after just one trial. 
D) no longer considered an example of learning.

Question 5

An experimenter rings a bell,and then an animal sits up and salivates;then the experimenter delivers food.This could be an example of either classical or operant conditioning.To decide which it is,we need to know

Accepted Answer

A) whether the animal eats the food. 
B) whether the experimenter delivers food after every bell,or only after the animal sits up. 
C) whether the animal sits up immediately after the bell,or whether there is a delay. 
D) whether the animal would be given a shock if it failed to sit up.

Question 6

Seven-year-old Hilary's parents have paid her 50 cents every time she cleans up her room.Sue's parents have sometimes paid her 50 cents for cleaning her room,but frequently have not paid her.Now both sets of parents stop paying.Which girl will probably continue cleaning her room the longest,and why?

Accepted Answer

A) Hilary,because extinction of responses tends to be faster after intermittent reinforcement than after continuous reinforcement 
B) Hilary,because of the law of effect 
C) Sue,because extinction of responses tends to be slower after intermittent reinforcement than after continuous reinforcement 
D) Sue,because of the law of effect

Question 7

A bird that learns to avoid attacking a poisonous frog also avoids a similar looking,but harmless frog.This behavior is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) shaping. 
B) extinction. 
C) generalization. 
D) the Premack principle.

Question 8

In Pavlov's experiments he paired a sound with the presentation of food and measured salivation to each.In this experiment the unconditioned stimulus was the

Accepted Answer

A) food. 
B) sound. 
C) salivation to food. 
D) salivation to the sound.

Question 9

In Pavlov's experiments he paired a sound with the presentation of food and measured salivation to each.In this experiment the conditioned stimulus was the

Accepted Answer

A) food. 
B) sound. 
C) salivation to food. 
D) salivation to the sound.

Question 10

A rat learns to climb a ladder to a platform where it can pull a string to raise the ladder and then climb the ladder again.The reinforcement for each response is the opportunity to perform the next response.This procedure is known as

Accepted Answer

A) shaping. 
B) chaining. 
C) stimulus generalization. 
D) primary reinforcement.

Question 11

While on vacation,you ordinarily sleep 8 hours a night.Recently you have averaged only 6 1/2.The opportunity to sleep more will be reinforcing to you,according to the

Accepted Answer

A) partial reinforcement extinction effect. 
B) vicarious reinforcement principle. 
C) disequilibrium principle. 
D) Zeigarnik effect.

Question 12

Why does vicarious punishment seem to produce less of an effect than vicarious reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A) We are less likely to identify with someone who is getting punished. 
B) We are more likely to identify with someone who is getting punished. 
C) Punished behaviors are covert while reinforced behaviors are overt. 
D) People are so careful to avoid danger that seeing someone else get punished makes no additional change (i.e.they are already as careful as possible).

Question 13

Which response did Pavlov measure in most of his experiments?

Accepted Answer

A) pecking at a disk 
B) pressing a lever 
C) salivation 
D) eye blinking

Question 14

An event that can serve as a reinforcer only because of its previous association with other reinforcers is known as

Accepted Answer

A) a secondary reinforcer. 
B) a primary reinforcer. 
C) an unconditioned stimulus. 
D) an operant.

Question 15

On the first floor of your dormitory are two vending machines.The one on the left always works;the one on the right is usually broken.You therefore put your money only in the machine on the left.This illustrates which aspect of operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) stimulus generalization 
B) discrimination 
C) belongingness 
D) shaping

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) You get a good grade by studying a certain way for your sociology class,so you use the same study technique for your psychology class. 
B) Your history professor focuses on vocabulary words,so you memorize words for that class,but not other classes. 
C) You react emotionally when your boyfriend or girlfriend gives you an unexpected gift. 
D) You try several different methods of studying for your psychology exam,not just one.

Question 17

A teacher gives a child "time out" sessions away from classmates for breaking a class rule.This is an example of omission training.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

A nursing mother puts her baby to her breast to feed every time she hears it cry.After a few days,her milk starts to flow as soon as she hears the baby.In terms of classical conditioning,what is the conditioned stimulus?

Accepted Answer

A) the baby's cry 
B) the baby sucking at the breast 
C) the mother 
D) the flow of milk

Question 19

What is chaining in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) reinforcement for successive approximations to a behavior 
B) the weakening of a response by the omission of a favorable stimulus that would otherwise be presented 
C) the concept that certain stimuli are readily associated with each other and that certain responses are readily associated with certain outcomes 
D) training a sequence of behaviors in which the reinforcement for one behavior is the opportunity to perform the next behavior

Question 20

The ____________________ refers to the previously established association to one stimulus blocks the formation of an association to the added stimulus.
blocking effect

Accepted Answer

The answer of The ____________________ refers to the previously established...

Exam 6: Learning

To determine whether a particular example of learning is classical conditioning or operant conditioning,which question should one ask?

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Conditioned taste aversion has been used to keep coyotes from killing sheep without affecting their willingness to hunt for other prey.

Conditioned taste aversion is

An experimenter rings a bell,and then an animal sits up and salivates;then the experimenter delivers food.This could be an example of either classical or operant conditioning.To decide which it is,we need to know

A bird that learns to avoid attacking a poisonous frog also avoids a similar looking,but harmless frog.This behavior is an example of

In Pavlov's experiments he paired a sound with the presentation of food and measured salivation to each.In this experiment the unconditioned stimulus was the

In Pavlov's experiments he paired a sound with the presentation of food and measured salivation to each.In this experiment the conditioned stimulus was the

A rat learns to climb a ladder to a platform where it can pull a string to raise the ladder and then climb the ladder again.The reinforcement for each response is the opportunity to perform the next response.This procedure is known as

While on vacation,you ordinarily sleep 8 hours a night.Recently you have averaged only 6 1/2.The opportunity to sleep more will be reinforcing to you,according to the

Why does vicarious punishment seem to produce less of an effect than vicarious reinforcement?

Which response did Pavlov measure in most of his experiments?

An event that can serve as a reinforcer only because of its previous association with other reinforcers is known as

On the first floor of your dormitory are two vending machines.The one on the left always works;the one on the right is usually broken.You therefore put your money only in the machine on the left.This illustrates which aspect of operant conditioning?

Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization in operant conditioning?

A teacher gives a child "time out" sessions away from classmates for breaking a class rule.This is an example of omission training.

A nursing mother puts her baby to her breast to feed every time she hears it cry.After a few days,her milk starts to flow as soon as she hears the baby.In terms of classical conditioning,what is the conditioned stimulus?

What is chaining in operant conditioning?

The ____________________ refers to the previously established association to one stimulus blocks the formation of an association to the added stimulus. blocking effect