Question 1

Jenny hypothesized that older adults would score higher on emotional intelligence measures compared to younger adults in her study.If Jenny commits a false-negative error, then she has committed a:

Accepted Answer

A)  Type I error. 
B)  Type II error. 
C)  statistical error. 
D)  sampling bias.

Question 2

When one considers whether the results of a laboratory study will actually hold up as true when applied to the world outside of the laboratory, one is considering the _____ of the findings.

Accepted Answer

A)  globalization 
B)  external validity 
C)  reliability 
D)  expected relative-frequency probability

Question 3

Which of these are independent events?

Accepted Answer

A)  chance of winning three hands of poker in a row 
B)  drawing two cards from a deck of cards without placing either back in the deck 
C)  opinions of two friends on the latest summer blockbuster 
D)  sexual satisfaction of spouses who are married to each other

Question 4

A researcher is interested in comparing reaction time differences between men and women.He obtains a sample of 45 students from a psychology student research database.Participants take part in the study, the data are later analyzed, and the researcher concludes that women have faster reaction times compared to men.What type of sampling strategy was used in this study?

Accepted Answer

A)  true 
B)  population 
C)  convenience 
D)  random

Question 5

Biased samples can be very effective in providing desired results for a researcher.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

True _____ is difficult and sometimes impossible to attain.

Accepted Answer

A)  random assignment 
B)  cluster sampling 
C)  convenience sampling 
D)  random sampling

Question 7

A random-digit generator is MOST likely to be used for which type of strategy?

Accepted Answer

A)  convenience sampling 
B)  volunteer sampling 
C)  random assignment 
D)  hypothesis testing

Question 8

Which of these is an example of randomly assigning participants to conditions in a study?

Accepted Answer

A)  Susie places the first six people to show up for her study in the experimental group and the next six people in the control group. 
B)  Every time a participant shows up for his study, Mark flips a coin to determine which condition to put the participant in.He predetermined that heads is the control group and tails is the experimental group. 
C)  Clarice has identified her population of interest as all students attending the local county high school.She then proceeds to randomly choose high school students for her study by having a random number generator generate possible high school ID numbers. 
D)  Devon gives his problem-solving task to a group of first graders in the classroom for which he is a student teacher.

Question 9

Random selection is _____ used, but random assignment is _____ used.

Accepted Answer

A)  always; rarely 
B)  frequently; rarely 
C)  rarely; frequently 
D)  rarely; always

Question 10

Jenny hypothesized that older adults would score higher on emotional intelligence measures compared to younger adults in her study.If Jenny erroneously rejected the null hypothesis, she would be committing what type of error?

Accepted Answer

A)  Type I error 
B)  Type II error 
C)  statistical error 
D)  sampling bias

Question 11

A statement that postulates that there is no difference between populations is a:

Accepted Answer

A)  negative statement. 
B)  null hypothesis. 
C)  research hypothesis. 
D)  positive statement.

Question 12

A sample in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for inclusion in the study is a _____ sample.

Accepted Answer

A)  convenience 
B)  representative 
C)  volunteer 
D)  random

Question 13

Brent tosses a quarter 4 times and 3 times it comes up heads.The proportion of heads is:

Accepted Answer

A)  0.75. 
B)  1.00. 
C)  0.50. 
D)  0.25.

Question 14

A researcher does not find support for her research hypothesis.She should then make which of these decisions?

Accepted Answer

A)  reject the null hypothesis 
B)  Type I error has been committed. 
C)  fail to reject the null hypothesis 
D)  It is not possible to make the decision based on the information provided.

Question 15

External validity is strengthened by the use of volunteer samples.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Sandra wishes to study the effects of a mother's cocaine use during pregnancy on cognitive indicators during the first month of her infant's life.What research technique or techniques would be possible and appropriate?

Accepted Answer

A)  random assignment but not random selection 
B)  random selection but not random assignment 
C)  both random selection and random assignment 
D)  neither random selection nor random assignment

Question 17

Dr.Baker designed an experimental study to assess potential differences between science students and art students on a math reasoning abilities test.Dr.Baker found a mean difference in math performance between science and art students.On average, art students performed higher on the math reasoning test compared to the science students.Dr.Baker's results were supported in two other studies performed in university settings.Dr.Baker concluded that, given that the results of her study have been replicated at other universities, her findings were reliable.Dr.Baker also hopes that other researchers will perform the study using other samples including participants from the community.Dr.Baker is concerned about replicating her study across various settings and using additional samples because she wishes to:

Accepted Answer

A)  improve the generalizability of her results. 
B)  support her null hypothesis. 
C)  improve her descriptive statistics. 
D)  calculate a probability.

Question 18

The media contributes to our fear or concern over the safety of flying.Which statement is an example of the confirmation bias exhibited by the media in relation to flight safety?

Accepted Answer

A)  While the media reports plane crashes and other emergency situations, it never reports how many safe flights occur in a given day. 
B)  The media supports an agenda that aims to reduce air travel. 
C)  News reports show a bias toward events that are unexpected and might represent Type I errors. 
D)  The expected relative-frequency probability of plane accidents is reflected in the news reports, although when converted to personal probabilities, we make errors in judgment.

Question 19

A(n) _____ refers to the result of a(n) _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  success; failure 
B)  failure; trial 
C)  trial; outcome 
D)  outcome; trial

Question 20

Volunteer sampling is a form of convenience sampling.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 5: Sampling and Probability

Jenny hypothesized that older adults would score higher on emotional intelligence measures compared to younger adults in her study.If Jenny commits a false-negative error, then she has committed a:

When one considers whether the results of a laboratory study will actually hold up as true when applied to the world outside of the laboratory, one is considering the _____ of the findings.

Which of these are independent events?

Biased samples can be very effective in providing desired results for a researcher.

True _____ is difficult and sometimes impossible to attain.

A random-digit generator is MOST likely to be used for which type of strategy?

Which of these is an example of randomly assigning participants to conditions in a study?

Random selection is _ used, but random assignment is _ used.

Jenny hypothesized that older adults would score higher on emotional intelligence measures compared to younger adults in her study.If Jenny erroneously rejected the null hypothesis, she would be committing what type of error?

A statement that postulates that there is no difference between populations is a:

A sample in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for inclusion in the study is a _____ sample.

Brent tosses a quarter 4 times and 3 times it comes up heads.The proportion of heads is:

A researcher does not find support for her research hypothesis.She should then make which of these decisions?

External validity is strengthened by the use of volunteer samples.

Sandra wishes to study the effects of a mother's cocaine use during pregnancy on cognitive indicators during the first month of her infant's life.What research technique or techniques would be possible and appropriate?

The media contributes to our fear or concern over the safety of flying.Which statement is an example of the confirmation bias exhibited by the media in relation to flight safety?

A(n) _ refers to the result of a(n) _.

Volunteer sampling is a form of convenience sampling.