PART a All Spies Are Covert Operators, So All Covert $\begin{array} { l } \text { All C are \( R \).}\\ \text { All \( \mathrm{S} \) are \( \mathrm{R} \).}\\ \hline\text { All S are C}\\\end{array}$

Essay

PART A All spies are covert operators, so all covert operators are risk takers, for all spies are risk takers.
Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument? a. $\begin{array} { l } \text { All C are \( R \).}\\ \text { All \( \mathrm{S} \) are \( \mathrm{R} \).}\\ \hline\text { All S are C}\\\end{array}$$\quad$ b. $\begin{array}{l}\text { If } S \text { then R. } \\\text { If } S \text { then } C \text {. } \\\hline\text { If } C \text { then } R \text {. }\end{array}$$\quad$ c. $\begin{array} { l } \text {All \( \mathrm{S} \) are C. }\\ \text { All } \mathrm{S} \text { are } \mathrm{R}\\ \hline\text { All } \mathrm{C} \text { are } \mathrm{R}\\\end{array}$

d. $\begin{array} { l } \text { All S are C. }\\ \text {All C are \( \mathrm{R} \). }\\ \text { \( \mathrm{All} \mathrm{S} \) are \( \mathrm{R} \).}\\\end{array}$$\quad$ e. $\begin{array} { l } \text { All C are \( \mathrm{S} \).}\\ \text {All R are \( \mathrm{S} \). }\\ \text {All \( \mathrm{C} \) are \( \mathrm{R} \). }\\\end{array}$ PART B
Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid?
A) C = cats, S = dogs, R = animals.
B) S = fish, R = mammals, C = animals.
C) S = dogs, C = mammals, R = animals.
D) R= dogs, C = cats, S = animals.
E) S = cats, C = animals, R = mammals.