Question 1

A judge orders that an offender be sentenced to prison for a short time, with most of the sentence served on probation. The sentence reflects a policy called

Accepted Answer

A)  parole. 
B)  rehabilitation. 
C)  shock probation. 
D)  extended lockup.

Question 2

The only Western, high-income nation that routinely executes offenders convicted of serious crimes is

Accepted Answer

A)  the United Kingdom. 
B)  Canada. 
C)  the United States. 
D)  France.

Question 3

When friends began to criticize Juan as a "boozer," pushing him out of their social circle, he became bitter and began to drink even more. Juan ended up joining a new group of friends, all of whom are all heavy drinkers. According to Edwin Lemert, this situation illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  the onset of primary deviance. 
B)  the onset of secondary deviance. 
C)  the formation of a deviant subculture. 
D)  the process of retreatism.

Question 4

Walter Reckless and Simon Dinitz claimed that "good boys" have the ability to control deviant impulses. They called their approach

Accepted Answer

A)  containment theory. 
B)  differential opportunity theory. 
C)  differential association theory. 
D)  personality theory.

Question 5

The stigma of deviance can encourage an individual to engage in further deviance.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

The value of psychological theories of deviance is limited because

Accepted Answer

A)  very few people experience an "unsuccessful socialization." 
B)  there has been very little research of this kind. 
C)  there is no way to distinguish "normal" from "abnormal" people in psychological terms. 
D)  most people who commit crimes have normal personalities.

Question 7

Thomas Szasz made the controversial assertion that

Accepted Answer

A)  our society does far too little to treat mentally ill people. 
B)  mental illness is a myth; "insanity" amounts to differences that bother other people. 
C)  most people in the United States have been or will become insane for some period of time. 
D)  deviance is only what people label as deviant.

Question 8

Which of the following sociological terms refers to the recognized violation of cultural norms?

Accepted Answer

A)  crime 
B)  juvenile delinquency 
C)  unsuccessful socialization 
D)  deviance

Question 9

In the United States, men account for about_______ of all arrests for violent crime.

Accepted Answer

A)  82 percent 
B)  62 percent 
C)  42 percent 
D)  22 percent

Question 10

Travis Hirschi's control theory suggests which of the following categories of people would be most likely to engage in deviance?

Accepted Answer

A)  young people who respect their parents and try to please them 
B)  youngsters who "hang out" on the corner waiting for something to happen 
C)  teenage athletes with after-school jobs 
D)  students enrolled in college

Question 11

Alexander Liazos speaks for the social-conflict approach when he states that

Accepted Answer

A)  powerless people are at the highest risk of being defined as deviant. 
B)  deviance has both functions and dysfunctions. 
C)  deviance exists only in the eye of the beholder. 
D)  society should ignore victimless crime.

Question 12

Organized crime refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  illegal actions by people with white-collar jobs. 
B)  illegal actions on the part of a corporation or large business. 
C)  crime involving cooperation between two or more large businesses. 
D)  any business that supplies illegal goods or services.

Question 13

Because there are several hundred people in the United States for every police officer, police

Accepted Answer

A)  cannot take time to ensure due process for suspects. 
B)  use personal judgment in deciding which situations warrant their attention. 
C)  ignore most crimes they learn about. 
D)  work, on average, far more hours than other workers.

Question 14

Robert Merton claimed that the "strains of masculinity" are one important cause of crime.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

According to Robert Merton's strain theory, which of the following concepts correctly describes the behavior of a radical who rejects cultural goals and means in favor of some alternative system?

Accepted Answer

A)  retreatism 
B)  rebellion 
C)  innovation 
D)  ritualism

Question 16

Participating in the subculture that Elijah Anderson describes as "the code of the street" raises the risk that young people will end up

Accepted Answer

A)  conforming to conventional morality. 
B)  in jail or worse. 
C)  doing better than their parents. 
D)  having a career in law enforcement.

Question 17

Surveys show that about_______ of U.S. adults support the death penalty as a punishment for murder.

Accepted Answer

A)  12 percent 
B)  22 percent 
C)  42 percent 
D)  62 percent

Question 18

The concept "retrospective labeling" refers to the process of

Accepted Answer

A)  predicting that someone will become deviant at some point in the future. 
B)  delinquent children growing into criminal adults. 
C)  defining someone as deviant for things done long before. 
D)  interpreting someone's past as consistent with present deviance.

Question 19

In legal terms, a crime is composed of which two components?

Accepted Answer

A)  the act and the intent 
B)  a criminal and a victim 
C)  the act and the social harm 
D)  the law and the violation

Question 20

Every society regulates the thoughts and behavior of individuals. This process of regulation is called

Accepted Answer

A)  social control. 
B)  childhood socialization. 
C)  neighborhood watch. 
D)  the legal system.

Exam 7: Deviance