Question 1

Which one of the following acquisitions related to theory of mind first appears in the elementary school years?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sensitivity to the subtle nuances of people's body language 
B)  An awareness that people's actions do not always reflect their true thoughts 
C)  An awareness that people can have false beliefs 
D)  A basic awareness of intentionality

Question 2

You want to foster the development of effective social cognition in a group of children. Which one of the following techniques is least likely to be effective?

Accepted Answer

A)  Create opportunities for the children to discover that people from a particular racial group are all individuals with unique characteristics. 
B)  Talk to the children about what they are feeling and why; acknowledge that people can have mixed feelings. 
C)  Encourage the children to speculate about what characters in storybooks might be thinking and feeling. 
D)  If the children are age 6 or younger, praise them when they describe certain ethnic groups in stereotypical ways, because stereotypes form a foundation for more flexible views later on.

Question 3

Which one of the following is most likely to be true for children who have a strong ethnic identity?

Accepted Answer

A)  On average, they tend to suffer from low self-esteem. 
B)  On average, they tend to be academically and socially successful. 
C)  On average, they tend to see little value in getting an education and often drop out before twelfth grade. 
D)  They are apt to speak a language other than English even when others in the group are speaking English.

Question 4

Think about an older adolescent or young adult you know well-perhaps a sibling or close friend. Decide which of the following labels-identity diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, or identity achievement-best describes the individual's progress in forming an adult identity. Justify your response using several examples of the person's behavior.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Think about an older adolescent or young...

Question 5

Which one of the following best illustrates a sense of identity?

Accepted Answer

A)  Carlos takes pride in his Mexican American heritage. 
B)  Shea knows she could be a better dancer if she practiced more often. 
C)  Drew wonders whether she should be a doctor or a lawyer. 
D)  Noah feels confident that he will make new friends when he moves to a new school district next year.

Question 6

Chelsea thinks of herself as outgoing and goofy when she's with her friends, but she knows she can be pretty quiet and moody when she's with her parents. She is confused by these very different sides of herself. Chelsea is most likely to be in:

Accepted Answer

A)  first grade 
B)  third grade 
C)  sixth grade 
D)  ninth grade

Question 7

Marcus likes to drink beer, and he loves to drive fast. He knows that it is generally dangerous for other people to drink and drive, but he believes he is an especially skillful driver and can do so without risk of injury. Which one of the following concepts best helps us explain Marcus's behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  foreclosure 
B)  identity crisis 
C)  personal fable 
D)  imaginary audience

Question 8

On average, children who attend schools for gifted students have lower self-esteem than children of equal intelligence who attend regular schools with students of widely varying abilities. If we consider research about factors affecting youngsters' sense of self, we can explain this finding in which one of the following ways?

Accepted Answer

A)  Children who attend gifted programs typically have assertive parents, and such parents tend to undermine their children's self-esteem. 
B)  Having a label of any kind-even the label "gifted"-tends to lower self-esteem. 
C)  Identifying a child as gifted requires an intensive evaluation, and evaluations inevitably lower self-esteem. 
D)  Children form their self-concepts in part by comparing their own performance to the performance of those around them.

Question 9

Pretend you are in tenth grade. Write a self-description of 75-100 words as a typical 16-year-old might write it.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Pretend you are in tenth grade. Write...

Question 10

Three-year-old Stacey watches her father put away the groceries he has just brought home. She is particularly interested in the package of Oreo cookies, which he puts in the breadbox just before leaving the room. A few minutes later, Stacey's mother opens the breadbox, exclaims, "Goodness, these Oreos belong in the cupboard!" and moves them to the correct spot. At lunchtime Stacey asks her father for an Oreo cookie. Given the typical development of theory of mind in 3-year-olds, which one of the following will she expect him to do?

Accepted Answer

A)  Forget where he put the cookies 
B)  Look for the cookies in the breadbox 
C)  Look for the cookies in the cupboard 
D)  Ask her where she thinks he should look for the cookies

Question 11

Which one of the following appears earliest in the development of children's sense of self?

Accepted Answer

A)  Personal fable 
B)  Imaginary audience 
C)  An autobiographical self 
D)  Recognition of oneself in the mirror

Question 12

Which one of the following statements reflects a child's autobiographical self?

Accepted Answer

A)  "I'm three years old." 
B)  "I like playing baseball and basketball." 
C)  " I was really scared when I moved here last year." 
D)  "I have brown eyes, curly hair, and an olive complexion."

Question 13

Adults can most effectively enhance children's sense of self when they:

Accepted Answer

A)  Talk about the advantages of having high self-esteem 
B)  Encourage children to think more positively about themselves 
C)  Hold high yet achievable expectations for children's performance 
D)  Hold expectations for performance that they know children can achieve with little or no effort

Question 14

Which one of the following examples best illustrates how the imaginary audience can be a factor in an adolescent's developing sense of self?

Accepted Answer

A)  Annette writes in her diary when she is having problems and feels she has no one to confide in. 
B)  Bernita thinks everyone is looking at her when she walks down the hall with her friends. 
C)  Candy feels detached, as if she has no life of her own but is only watching everyone else live their lives. 
D)  Dora feels self-conscious when she has to get up in front of her class and give a speech from memory.

Question 15

Ten-year-old Mark is overheard telling tasteless jokes about the homeless people he sees on city sidewalks. When his teacher confronts him about his intolerant remarks, he responds, "All those people are just lazy. They need to get a job!" Mark's response is a good example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  a stereotype 
B)  an ethnic identity 
C)  self-socialization 
D)  relational aggression

Question 16

What is the tendency to conform to one's own ideas about appropriate behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  Gender schema 
B)  Gender-appropriate behavior 
C)  Self-evaluation 
D)  Self-socialization

Question 17

As a classroom teacher, you want to actively work on breaking down stereotypes and prejudices. Which one of the following techniques is least likely to be effective?

Accepted Answer

A)  Play cooperative group games. 
B)  Establish pen pal relationships. 
C)  Encourage children to see people as individuals. 
D)  Play competitive group games.

Question 18

As a 17-year-old high school senior, Julian has no sense of direction. Over the past year he has dabbled in auto mechanics, photography, and Buddhism, but nothing has held his interest for more than a month or two. Julian can best be described as showing:

Accepted Answer

A)  foreclosure 
B)  moratorium 
C)  identity diffusion 
D)  identity achievement

Question 19

Youngsters begin to think more systematically about what other people might be thinking about them during:

Accepted Answer

A)  Early childhood 
B)  Middle childhood 
C)  Early adolescence 
D)  Late adolescence

Question 20

Students' self-perceptions related to school subject matter affect their learning and performance in the classroom. Imagine that you are a teacher with several students who have very little self-confidence regarding their ability to perform in your class. Simply giving them encouragement-for example, "You can do it if you try!"-may not be especially effective. Keeping in mind the factors that affect students' sense of self, describe three different strategies you might use to enhance your students' confidence that they can succeed in school. Describe each of these strategies in terms of specific things that you might do in the classroom.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Students' self-perceptions related to school subject matter...

Exam 12: Development of Self and Social Understandings