Question 1

A disadvantage of using convenience samples, such as college students, is that

Accepted Answer

A) college students are less likely to guess the experimental hypotheses. 
B) the likelihood of a Type 2 error is increased. 
C) the findings might not be generalizable to other samples. 
D) universities require payment for using college students in experiments.

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT true about meta-analyses?

Accepted Answer

A) They use the effect size statistic to indicate the size of relationships. 
B) They are explicit about which studies are or are not included in the analysis. 
C) They are used to draw conclusions about research literatures. 
D) They are less objective than narrative literature reviews.

Question 3

Researchers in the behavioral sciences may be content to use college students as research participants because

Accepted Answer

A) they can be assumed to have the same characteristics as any other sample of individuals. 
B) they represent a random sample of all human beings. 
C) they have had fewer experiences than many people, thus making them naive. 
D) they are more intelligent than most people.

Question 4

Which of the following is a potential difficulty of cross-cultural replications?

Accepted Answer

A) The findings are difficult to interpret. 
B) They are not scientific. 
C) There are not enough cultural variables. 
D) There is too much random error.

Question 5

Amalia conducted a study of how the media affects political affiliation.She showed participants a five-minute clip from CNN and then asked them to fill out a political ideology survey.Edward later conducted a similar study but had participants read an article from the Washington Post instead of watching a TV broadcast.Edward's study is an example of a

Accepted Answer

A) participant replication. 
B) exact replication. 
C) constructive replication. 
D) conceptual replication.

Question 6

If a research finding was found to hold up only in one sample of individuals or only in one laboratory, the research would be said to have low

Accepted Answer

A) external validity. 
B) statistical conclusion validity. 
C) internal validity. 
D) construct validity.

Question 7

In comparison to laboratory studies, field experiments are likely to have

Accepted Answer

A) higher internal and external validity. 
B) higher internal and lower external validity. 
C) lower internal and higher external validity. 
D) lower internal and external validity.

Question 8

A researcher who studies the outcomes of prior experiments by statistically analyzing effect size measures is conducting a

Accepted Answer

A) research program. 
B) review paper. 
C) field experiment. 
D) meta-analysis.

Question 9

A replication that investigates the relationship between the same conceptual variables that were studied in previous research but tests the hypothesis using different operational definitions of the independent variable and/or the dependent variable is known as a(n)

Accepted Answer

A) conceptual replication. 
B) constructive replication. 
C) participant replication. 
D) exact replication.

Question 10

Which of the following statistics serves as the dependent variable in a meta-analysis?

Accepted Answer

A) The correlation coefficient 
B) The chi square 
C) The effect size 
D) The standard deviation

Question 11

Whereas internal validity refers to _________, external validity refers to _________.

Accepted Answer

A) practical conclusions; statistical conclusions 
B) the relationship between the independent and the dependent variable; the extent to which the findings are expected to generalize 
C) the extent to which the findings are expected to generalize; the relationship between the independent and the dependent variable 
D) statistical conclusions; practical conclusions

Question 12

Exact replications are most likely to be conducted because the researcher wants to

Accepted Answer

A) add a new condition to a previous experiment. 
B) examine other possible conceptual variables involved in the results of a previous experiment. 
C) see if an effect that has been found in one laboratory or by one researcher can be found. 
D) repeat the original experiment with a different population of participants.

Question 13

If a researcher conducted a meta-analysis on the effects of performance enhancing drugs within professional sports, she would be most likely to

Accepted Answer

A) interview a representative sample of current professional sports teams. 
B) compare her data to data from earlier findings on this topic. 
C) discuss the manipulation of the independent variables at an upcoming psychological conference. 
D) analyze the data on this topic from many prior studies.

Question 14

Parr, Kavanagh, Cahill, Young, and Mitchell (2008) conducted a meta-analysis to study the effects of different types of treatments on the success of tranquilizer withdrawal.The dependent measure in this study is which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) The year of publication of the studies. 
B) The number of participants in the studies. 
C) The effect size of the studies 
D) The correlations among the studies.

Question 15

A limitation of meta-analyses is that

Accepted Answer

A) they are less accurate than narrative reviews. 
B) because only significant studies are published, a relationship may be overestimated. 
C) psychological journals only date back to the late 1970s. 
D) effect sizes are not objective measures.

Question 16

When we say that there is a relationship between two variables but that this relationship only occurs under certain conditions, then the variable that represents the conditions under which the effect does or does not occur is known as which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) A mediator variable 
B) A generalization variable 
C) A moderator variable 
D) An external variable

Exam 13: External Validity