Question 1

What does the lifespan developmental perspective propose about gains and losses over the life span?

Accepted Answer

Over the life span,developmental processes can show both gains and losses.However,the proportion of gains and losses changes.The proportion of gains is greater than that of losses in early life through young adulthood.In older adulthood the proportion of losses outstrips the proportion of gains,but gains can be used to compensate for losses.

Question 2

In which kind of research studies are participants randomly assigned to levels of an independent variable?

Accepted Answer

A)  Correlation studies
B)  Quasi-experimental studies
C)  Experimental studies
D)  Time-sequential studies C

Question 3

Which metamodel views development as a progressive sequence of stages which are internally generated?

Accepted Answer

A)  Organismic
B)  Contextual
C)  Ecological
D)  mechanistic A

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT an important aspect of the lifespan developmental perspective?

Accepted Answer

A)  Development is plastic.
B)  Development is embedded in historical,social,and cultural contexts.
C)  Development proceeds in only one direction.
D)  Development continues throughout life

Question 5

A researcher measures the amount of time older adults spend each week engaging in mentally challenging activities and also the scores they earn on a test of intelligence.The researcher finds that the more time older adults spend engaging in mentally challenging activities,the higher their scores on the intelligence test.On the basis of this finding,which of the following conclusions would the researcher be justified in drawing?

Accepted Answer

A)  Engaging in mentally challenging activities causes intelligence test scores to increase.
B)  Spending too little time engaging in mentally challenging activities causes intelligence test scores to decline.
C)  Amount of time spent engaging in mentally challenging activities and intelligence test scores are positively related (positively correlated) .
D)  Amount of time spent engaging in mentally challenging activities and intelligence test scores are negatively related (negatively correlated) .

Question 6

Which two factors are confounded (unable to be separated) when measures of computer attitudes made today on a sample of 70-year-olds today are compared with measures of computer attitudes made 10 years ago on a sample of 70-year-olds?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cohort and time of measurement
B)  Age and cohort
C)  Age and time of measurement
D)  Nothing is confounded in this study

Question 7

Professor Adams is interested in comparing the attitude today's 70-year-old adults have toward using computers with the attitude that 70-year-old adults had 10 years ago.Assuming that she has computer attitude measures from a group of 70-year-old adults taken this year and computer attitude measures from a group of 70-year-old adults made 10 years ago,which type of research design does Professor Adams have?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sequential
B)  Longitudinal
C)  time-lag
D)  Cross-sectional

Question 8

Which correlation shows the strongest association between two variables?

Accepted Answer

A)  .55
B)  .20
C)  -.75
D)  .01

Question 9

In which research design is attrition the most obvious issue to consider?

Accepted Answer

A)  Longitudinal
B)  Cross-sectional
C)  Time-lag
D)  Experimental

Question 10

Being able to generalize the findings obtained from a sample of research participants to the population from which this sample was drawn refers to the ___________ of a research study.

Accepted Answer

A)  factorial purity
B)  experimental control
C)  internal validity
D)  external validity

Question 11

Dr.Perkins places rats that always lived in a deprived environment into a new "enriched" environment with an exercise wheel and toys to stimulate the rats' problem-solving capabilities.After two weeks in the enriched environment,the rats seem more alert than they were before.Dr.Perkins decides to try the same thing with a new sample of rats,which also seem more alert after spending two weeks in the new environment.This means that Dr.Perkins replicated his findings on the second sample of rats.However,when Dr.Perkins wants to know whether the rats became more alert because of the exercise wheel or because of the toys,he is concerned with the issue of _____________.

Accepted Answer

A)  reliability
B)  measuring gradients
C)  internal validity
D)  ecological validity

Question 12

Which metamodel views the organism and the environment as being in continuous interaction?

Accepted Answer

A)  Contextual
B)  Mechanistic
C)  Organismic
D)  Heterotypical

Question 13

According to the organismic metamodel,__________________.

Accepted Answer

A)  behavior is the product of lawful associations between single environmental events
B)  it is best to isolate and study the simple aspects of development
C)  development has no particular direction,goal,or end point
D)  the developing organism acts upon rather than reacting to the environment

Question 14

In studies with an extreme age groups design,________.

Accepted Answer

A)  young adults are compared with adolescents.
B)  young adults are compared with older adults.
C)  young-old adults are compared with old-old adults.
D)  young,middle-aged,and older adults are compared.

Question 15

A developmental scientist with a mechanistic metamodel ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  emphasizes that development is multidirectional and adaptive
B)  views development as a series of stages
C)  focuses on quantitative differences between age groups
D)  emphasizes that the w hole is greater than the sum of the parts

Question 16

Compare the viewpoint of a behavioral scientist who approaches the study of behavior with mechanistic metamodel and the viewpoint of a scientist who approaches the study of behavior with an organismic metamodel.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare the viewpoint of a behavioral scientist...

Question 17

The _______ of a study refers to whether there can be accurate identification and interpretation of the factor(s) responsible for an observation.

Accepted Answer

A)  test-retest reliability
B)  interobserver reliability
C)  external validity
D)  internal validity

Question 18

When a measurement instrument is reliable that means it is _________.

Accepted Answer

A)  valid
B)  consistent
C)  heterotypic
D)  flawed

Question 19

The longitudinal research design confounds (is unable to separate) ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  age and time of measurement
B)  age and cohort
C)  cohort and time of measurement
D)  age,cohort,and time of measurement

Question 20

What is meant by a descriptive approach to research and what role does correlation play?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is meant by a descriptive approach...

Exam 2: Theory and Method in Studying Aging and Older Adulthood