Question 1

One study discussed in the text demonstrated that infants with a particular form of one of the genes influencing production of a neurotransmitter associated with effortful attention had lower effortful attention than other infants only when they also were exposed to poor parenting. This study demonstrates which of the following principles?

Accepted Answer

A) Genetic influences operate in one's environment. 
B) Environmental influences operate in one's genetics. 
C) Some genetic influences operate regardless of
environment. 
D) Some environmental influences operate regardless of genetics. 
E) Current research methods often do not allow researchers to separate the influences of genetics and environment.

Question 2

Whether children sleep with their parents and to what age they do so in different parts of the world is an example of differences in:
•sociocultural environment. 
•variation.
•discontinuous development.
•correlation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Whether children sleep with their parents and...

Question 3

A researcher who believes that nature and nurture
interact to produce high-achieving children would be MOST likely to make which of the following hypotheses?

Accepted Answer

A) Children who have older siblings will be more likely to do well in school than children who do not have older siblings. 
B) Children whose parents have high IQs will be more likely to do well in school than children who do not have older siblings. 
C) Both having an older sibling and having parents with high IQs will be associated with doing well in school. 
D) Only when children have parents with high IQs will having an older sibling be associated with doing well in school. 
E) None of the answers is likely to be the researcher's hypothesis.

Question 4

A researcher asks children a series of predetermined questions about how much they like to play with their siblings. The researcher is using:

Accepted Answer

A) naturalistic observation. 
B) structured observation. 
C) clinical interview. 
D) structured interview.

Question 5

The child-developmental research method of preferential looking has yielded practical benefits for:

Accepted Answer

A) diagnosing the severity of cataracts in infants. 
B) training children with specific language impairment. 
C) training infants to see more clearly. 
D) diagnosing attention deficit disorder.

Question 6

A psychologist is interested in 4-year-old Jacob's knowledge of the differences between animals and vehicles. The psychologist gives Jacob a multiple-choice picture test in which he must write the letter of the correct answer on a separate answer sheet. However, Jacob has trouble identifying and writing some letters. On two separate occasions, Jacob receives the same score on the test. This method has:

Accepted Answer

A) good validity and good reliability. 
B) good validity and poor reliability. 
C) poor validity and good reliability. 
D) poor validity and poor reliability.

Question 7

Which type of design is best revealing of differences over time and patterns of change?
•longitudinal 
•cross-sectional
•naturalistic observation
•microgenetic

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which type of design is best revealing...

Question 8

To examine the effectiveness of empathy training on children's sharing behavior, two months of training are provided to 3-year-old children living in rural Georgia. Six months later, the children's sharing behaviors are measured and compared to their pretraining sharing behavior. Improvements are considered the result of the empathy training. Which of the following properties is a potential source of internal invalidity?

Accepted Answer

A) All children were from rural Georgia. 
B) Children's sharing behavior may improve with the simple passage of time. 
C) The observers of the sharing behavior may disagree. 
D) Children who were the best sharers before the training were not necessarily the best after the training.

Question 9

Which type of design is best used when a pattern of change has been established and the goal of the study is to determine how the change occurs?
•longitudinal
•cross-sectional
•structured observation
•microgenetic

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which type of design is best used...

Question 10

Freud based his theory of child development in large part on:

Accepted Answer

A) hypnosis and analysis of dreams and childhood memories. 
B) a systematic daily diary of a single child's growth. 
C) experiments on reward and punishment of rats and other animals. 
D) study of children working in coal mines.

Question 11

Which of the following statements about crib speech is true?

Accepted Answer

A) Crib speech is a demonstration of the importance of nurture on development. 
B) Crib speech is an early indication of schizophrenia. 
C) Freud partially based his theory on observations of crib speech. 
D) Crib speech is an example of individuals' contributions to their own development.

Question 12

A researcher asks herself the following question: "Can effects within my experiment be attributed to variables that I intentionally manipulated?" What property of behavioral measurement is the researcher addressing?
•interrater variability
•internal validity 
•external validity
•test-retest reliability

Accepted Answer

The answer of A researcher asks herself the following question:...

Question 13

The "baby biography" was developed by:

Accepted Answer

A) Darwin. 
B) Locke. 
C) Freud. 
D) Watson.

Question 14

One of the best-known stage theories of cognitive development is the theory of:

Accepted Answer

A) Piaget. 
B) Scarr. 
C) Freud. 
D) Erikson.

Question 15

Researchers would be LEAST likely to examine the effect of with experimental design.

Accepted Answer

A) children's TV viewing habits on sibling relationships 
B) teachers' testing procedures on children's school achievement 
C) of poverty on children's beliefs about intelligence 
D) of training on children's ability to make friends

Question 16

A researcher would like to examine whether children who are high math achievers have better memories than do low math achievers. This researcher should use:

Accepted Answer

A) a clinical interview. 
B) a laboratory experiment. 
C) a correlational design. 
D) random assignment.

Question 17

To examine how children interact with their elementary school teachers on a daily basis, a researcher would probably use the technique.

Accepted Answer

A) naturalistic interview 
B) structured interview 
C) naturalistic observation 
D) structured observation

Question 18

To examine the effect of empathy training on teenagers' bullying behaviors, a researcher splits a group of high school students into two groups through random assignment. Group A is shown a movie about an interesting science experiment, and Group B is shown a movie about students being harmed by bullies. We consider Group A to be the group and Group B to be the group.

Accepted Answer

A) dependent; independent 
B) independent; dependent 
C) control; experimental 
D) experimental; control

Question 19

Which of the following factors is the greatest obstacle to poor children's chances of successful development?

Accepted Answer

A) accumulation of various disadvantages 
B) growing up in single-parent homes or without
biological parents 
C) parents' lack of involvement in their schooling 
D) living in dangerous neighborhoods

Question 20

Describe the results of Werner's Kauai study in terms of the effect of forming a close relationship with an

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the results of Werner's Kauai study...

Exam 1: An Introduction to Child Development

Whether children sleep with their parents and to what age they do so in different parts of the world is an example of differences in: •sociocultural environment. •variation. •discontinuous development. •correlation.

A researcher who believes that nature and nurture interact to produce high-achieving children would be MOST likely to make which of the following hypotheses?