Question 1

How was the existing system of justice altered during the Enlightenment?

Accepted Answer

A)   ​People reconsidered the administration of law and redefined corrections.
B)   ​During this period the classical school of criminology emerged, with its insistence on a rational link between the gravity of the crime and the severity of the punishment.
C)   ​The social contract and utilitarianism emphasized limitations on the government and the need to erect a system of punishments so that people would be deterred from crime.
D)   ​all of above D

Question 2

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
-Utilitarianism

Accepted Answer

A)  Punishment to a body inflicting pain
B)  Law of civil society
C)  Forced rowing
D)  Detention facility
E)  Pleasure over painF) The right to be tried in ecclesiastical courtG) RetaliationH) Age of ReasonI) A form of banishmentJ) Free will and severe punishment E

Question 3

Jeremy Bentham was the one-time high sheriff of Bedfordshire, England, who helped spur changes that resulted in the development of the penitentiary during the late 1700s.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 4

According to the text, certain types of legal sanctions, in the form we are familiar with today, emerged during the:

Accepted Answer

A)   ​1700s.
B)   ​1200s.
C)   ​1500s.
D)   ​1800s.

Question 5

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
-Lex talionis

Accepted Answer

A)  Punishment to a body inflicting pain
B)  Law of civil society
C)  Forced rowing
D)  Detention facility
E)  Pleasure over painF) The right to be tried in ecclesiastical courtG) RetaliationH) Age of ReasonI) A form of banishmentJ) Free will and severe punishment

Question 6

Under the law of retaliation, lex talionis, vengeance was a duty to be carried out by the person wronged or by a family member of the victim.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Attempts to reform prisons began in the 1500s with the disintegration of feudalism.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

The Enlightenment proposed which of the following ideas for correctional reform?

Accepted Answer

A)   ​a rewriting of penal codes to increase the severity of criminal sanctions
B)   ​a greater belief in the application of pain as a specific and general deterrent
C)   ​the invention of the penitentiary, where prisoners could be isolated from the temptations of the outside world
D)   ​an increase in the number of criminal laws and, as a result, a growth in the numbers and types of prisoners

Question 9

Because punishment was considered a powerful general , authorities from the 16th to the 18th centuries in Europe carried out sanctions in the market square for all to see.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Because punishment was considered a powerful general...

Question 10

Match each item to the phrase or sentence listed below.
-Galley slavery

Accepted Answer

A)  Punishment to a body inflicting pain
B)  Law of civil society
C)  Forced rowing
D)  Detention facility
E)  Pleasure over painF) The right to be tried in ecclesiastical courtG) RetaliationH) Age of ReasonI) A form of banishmentJ) Free will and severe punishment

Question 11

The dominant social institution during the Middle Ages in England and Europe was:

Accepted Answer

A)   ​the king.
B)   ​the sheriff.
C)   ​the penitentiary.
D)   ​the church.

Question 12

According to scholars, the Enlightenment was a reaction against feudal and traditions.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to scholars, the Enlightenment was a...

Question 13

__________________ refers to punishment inflicted on the offender's body with whips or other devices that cause pain.

Accepted Answer

The answer of __________________ refers to punishment inflicted on the...

Question 14

________________________ was an early English correctional reformer who advocated for the utility of prison confinement to treat and reform criminals' thought processes that he deemed a "hedonistic calculus."

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________________________ was an early English correctional reformer...

Question 15

During the Enlightenment, advances in scientific thinking led to an inquisitive attitude that emphasized all of the following ideas except for:

Accepted Answer

A)   ​observation.
B)   ​experimentation.
C)   ​technological development
D)   ​intervention.

Question 16

In your own opinion, should the United States look to incorporate punishments that they once used, but later outlawed to due to the cruel and harmful nature of such acts (e.g., corporal punishment, transportation)? Be sure to fully explain and defend your answer.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In your own opinion, should the United...

Question 17

The period known as the ______________________ was a cultural movement in England and France during the 1700s, when concepts of liberalism, rationality, equality, and individualism dominated social and political thinking.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The period known as the ______________________ was...

Question 18

A house of _________________________ was a detention facility that combined the major elements of a workhouse, poorhouse, and penal industry by both disciplining the inmates and setting them to work.

Accepted Answer

A)   ​solitude
B)   ​correction
C)   ​penance
D)   ​redemption

Question 19

Who was John Howard and what significance did he have in regard to correctional reform? Be sure to list and explain his major accomplishments.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Who was John Howard and what significance...

Question 20

The period known as the Enlightenment had what effect(s) on society?

Accepted Answer

A)   ​It brought a reaction against feudal society and the monopoly of religion.
B)   ​It stressed the notion of equality for all citizens.
C)   ​It was largely influenced by the growth of scientific thinking.
D)   ​all of the above

Exam 2: The Early History of Correctional Thought and Practice