Question 1

Explore the concept of disproportionate impact of some risk factors on a youth's involvement in the juvenile justice system and school discipline. What is the role of inherent bias (implicit and explicit bias) and targeting in creating this disproportionate impact? How does the idea of bias influence such factors as segregation of schools?

Accepted Answer

The disproportionate impact of certain risk factors on a youth's involvement in the juvenile justice system and school discipline is a complex issue that is influenced by a variety of factors, including inherent bias and targeting.

Inherent bias, both implicit and explicit, plays a significant role in creating this disproportionate impact. Implicit bias refers to the unconscious attitudes and stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions. Explicit bias, on the other hand, refers to conscious attitudes and beliefs that result in discriminatory behavior. Both forms of bias can lead to unfair treatment of youth from marginalized communities, such as racial and ethnic minorities, low-income families, and those with disabilities.

Targeting also contributes to the disproportionate impact of risk factors on youth involvement in the juvenile justice system and school discipline. This can take the form of policies and practices that disproportionately affect certain groups of youth, such as zero-tolerance policies that result in harsher disciplinary actions for minor infractions, or the over-policing of certain neighborhoods, leading to higher rates of arrest and involvement in the justice system for youth in those areas.

The idea of bias also influences factors such as the segregation of schools. Inherent bias can lead to discriminatory practices in school discipline, such as harsher punishments for students of color, which can contribute to the school-to-prison pipeline. Segregation of schools can also perpetuate bias and targeting, as students from marginalized communities may not have access to the same resources and opportunities as their peers in more affluent, predominantly white schools.

Overall, the disproportionate impact of risk factors on youth involvement in the juvenile justice system and school discipline is a result of inherent bias and targeting, which perpetuate systemic inequalities and contribute to the marginalization of certain groups of youth. Addressing these issues requires a comprehensive approach that includes addressing bias and targeting in policies and practices, as well as promoting equity and inclusion in schools and the justice system.

Question 2

In strict discipline-focused school environments, the chance for exclusion is greatest for ______ students.

Accepted Answer

A)   poor White male
B)   poor Black male
C)   poor Hispanic male
D)   poor Native American male C

Question 3

The connection across child maltreatment, school performance and exclusion, and juvenile delinquency is an underinvestigated relationship.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 4

The cumulative impact of maltreatment, in addition to other risks associated with maltreatment, such as substance abuse and school difficulties, may have a greater negative effect on ______.

Accepted Answer

A)   young children
B)   adolescents
C)   male children
D)   female adolescents

Question 5

Whenever we find that two variables are related, we call that relationship a causal relationship.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Which of the following are experiences that decrease the likelihood of harmful outcomes, such as involvement with the juvenile court?

Accepted Answer

A)   absolutive factors
B)   insulation factors
C)   protective factors
D)   safety factors

Question 7

The vast majority of incarcerated youth, who are minorities, are ______.

Accepted Answer

A)   Asian
B)   Black
C)   Hispanic
D)   Native American

Question 8

Schools with a greater proportion of ______ students have increased zero tolerance policies and use harsher discipline, compared to diversion or in-school discipline measures.

Accepted Answer

A)   poor
B)   black
C)   immigrant
D)   underachieving

Question 9

Adolescents of color are overrepresented at each of the decision-making points within the juvenile justice system.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

______ are disproportionately more likely to be offered kincare placements.

Accepted Answer

A)   Black families
B)   Hispanic families
C)   Native American families
D)   White families

Question 11

Delinquency risk factors during early childhood include a difficult temperament, impulsive behavior, aggressiveness, and a(n) ______.

Accepted Answer

A)   early interest in sex
B)   inattentive personality
C)   poor peer group
D)   truancy problem

Question 12

Discuss the effects of a youth identifying as LGBT. In what ways are there biases against such youths? In what arenas of life do these biases appear?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the effects of a youth identifying...

Question 13

______ youth are referred to the juvenile courts for delinquency at a rate 140% greater than White youthful offenders.

Accepted Answer

A)   Asian
B)   Black
C)   Hispanic
D)   Native American

Question 14

More than two-thirds of minority children born into poverty will be ______.

Accepted Answer

A)   institutionalized
B)   persistently poor
C)   raised by a single mother
D)   separated from both parents

Question 15

Some youths experience the effects of numerous risk factors at the same time, referred to as ______.

Accepted Answer

A)   comorbidity
B)   conjunction
C)   synchronicity
D)   simultaneity

Question 16

Establishing a causal relationship requires use of a rigorous experimental design.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Based on ______, the Howell model combines developmental theory and interactional theory of risk and protective factors across stages within the ecological/psychosocial framework.

Accepted Answer

A)   cross-sectional studies
B)   detailed case studies
C)   longitudinal studies
D)   unilateral studies

Question 18

In the majority of instances, it is a single experience or risk factor that leads to students' involvement in the juvenile court system.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Emerging evidence suggests that LGBT adolescents are twice as likely to be arrested and detained for status and other nonviolent offenses.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Although Blacks and Hispanic youth represent one third of this country's adolescent population, they account for more than two thirds of ______ youth.

Accepted Answer

A)   arrested
B)   detained
C)   incarcerated
D)   waived

Exam 6: Delinquency Risks and Disproportionate Impact

In strict discipline-focused school environments, the chance for exclusion is greatest for ______ students.

The connection across child maltreatment, school performance and exclusion, and juvenile delinquency is an underinvestigated relationship.

The cumulative impact of maltreatment, in addition to other risks associated with maltreatment, such as substance abuse and school difficulties, may have a greater negative effect on ______.

Whenever we find that two variables are related, we call that relationship a causal relationship.

Which of the following are experiences that decrease the likelihood of harmful outcomes, such as involvement with the juvenile court?

The vast majority of incarcerated youth, who are minorities, are ______.

Schools with a greater proportion of ______ students have increased zero tolerance policies and use harsher discipline, compared to diversion or in-school discipline measures.

Adolescents of color are overrepresented at each of the decision-making points within the juvenile justice system.

______ are disproportionately more likely to be offered kincare placements.

Delinquency risk factors during early childhood include a difficult temperament, impulsive behavior, aggressiveness, and a(n) ______.

Discuss the effects of a youth identifying as LGBT. In what ways are there biases against such youths? In what arenas of life do these biases appear?

______ youth are referred to the juvenile courts for delinquency at a rate 140% greater than White youthful offenders.

More than two-thirds of minority children born into poverty will be ______.

Some youths experience the effects of numerous risk factors at the same time, referred to as ______.

Establishing a causal relationship requires use of a rigorous experimental design.

Based on ______, the Howell model combines developmental theory and interactional theory of risk and protective factors across stages within the ecological/psychosocial framework.

In the majority of instances, it is a single experience or risk factor that leads to students' involvement in the juvenile court system.

Emerging evidence suggests that LGBT adolescents are twice as likely to be arrested and detained for status and other nonviolent offenses.

Although Blacks and Hispanic youth represent one third of this country's adolescent population, they account for more than two thirds of ______ youth.