Question 1

Vygotsky used the term __________ processes for biological contributions to development.

Accepted Answer

A)  proximal 
B)  elementary 
C)  ultimate 
D)  psychosocial

Question 2

If Angela has emerged successfully from Erikson's stage of __________, she will be able to instigate activities with her family and have a sense of purpose in her life.

Accepted Answer

A)  trust versus mistrust 
B)  autonomy versus shame and doubt 
C)  initiative versus guilt 
D)  industry versus inferiority

Question 3

___________ is the psychosocial strength that an infant gains if she has learned to trust.

Accepted Answer

A)  Hope 
B)  Willpower 
C)  Care 
D)  Fidelity

Question 4

Maggie can't seem to keep a relationship going. She was happy with Gil when they went camping and fishing until she met Matt. Then she found room service to be better. Then she met Harold, the professor, and suddenly it was better to be involved in academics. Maggie can't seem to decide how to eat her eggs in the morning, so settling on a life partner is overwhelming. Maggie has been engaged 8 times but never makes it to the altar. According to Erikson, Maggie hasn't achieved intimacy, because she did not gain __________ earlier in her life.

Accepted Answer

A)  love 
B)  care 
C)  wisdom 
D)  fidelity

Question 5

Takumia is a successful executive. He enjoys socializing with his colleagues but could not call any of them friends in the true sense. Takumia is struggling with __________ needs in Maslow's theory.

Accepted Answer

A)  safety 
B)  esteem 
C)  love and belonging 
D)  self-actualization

Question 6

During Piaget's __________ stage, an individual begins to use symbols and shows an explosion in the number of vocabulary words they can use appropriately.

Accepted Answer

A)  sensorimotor 
B)  prefunctional 
C)  concrete operational 
D)  preoperational

Question 7

__________ theory is based on computers as a model of cognitive functioning.

Accepted Answer

A)  Operant conditioning 
B)  Classical conditioning 
C)  Information-processing 
D)  Scaffolding

Question 8

Erikson proposed that we must pass through __________ developmental stages during our lifetime.

Accepted Answer

A)  eight 
B)  seven 
C)  five 
D)  four, with 5-year transitional periods between them

Question 9

As shown by operant conditioning, in order for a behavior to be repeated, or persist, it must be:

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforced. 
B)  noticed. 
C)  associated with a relevant stimulus. 
D)  learned over a series of exposures.

Question 10

Freud used the term __________ to describe the psychic energy that empowered the structures of the mind.

Accepted Answer

A)  superego 
B)  id 
C)  libido 
D)  mensa

Question 11

Bill had a sore throat and took medicine to relieve the pain. When the throat ache subsided, Bill was __________for taking medicine.

Accepted Answer

A)  positively reinforced 
B)  negatively reinforced 
C)  punished 
D)  accommodated

Question 12

The fundamental principle of operant conditioning is that learning occurs as a result of:

Accepted Answer

A)  contiguity. 
B)  associations. 
C)  S-R pairings. 
D)  consequences.

Question 13

Erikson's stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt corresponds with Freud's __________ stage.

Accepted Answer

A)  anal 
B)  phallic 
C)  oral 
D)  latency

Question 14

__________ ran the famous experiment pairing the salivary response in dogs with the sound of a bell.

Accepted Answer

A)  Skinner 
B)  Watson 
C)  Pavlov 
D)  Bandura

Question 15

__________ needs are based on the importance of social connections and relationships with others.

Accepted Answer

A)  Love and belonging 
B)  Safety 
C)  Esteem 
D)  Self-actualization

Question 16

In Skinner's view, a behavior is less likely to recur if it is:

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforced. 
B)  acknowledged. 
C)  punished or ignored. 
D)  rewarded.

Question 17

__________ would most strongly disagree with the statement "Children learn from what you say, not what you do."

Accepted Answer

A)  Jean Piaget 
B)  Lev Vygotsky 
C)  Uri Bronfenbrenner 
D)  Albert Bandura

Question 18

Piaget termed the process of developing a state of stability between the assimilation and accommodation of information:

Accepted Answer

A)  adaptation. 
B)  functional invariation. 
C)  equilibration. 
D)  developing schemas.

Question 19

Freud proposed __________ were necessary strategies to reduce the anxiety caused by conflicts among the personality structures.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixations 
B)  crises 
C)  defense mechanisms 
D)  discords

Question 20

The __________ refers to the relationship among the microsystems of the bioecological model.

Accepted Answer

A)  macrosystem 
B)  exosystem 
C)  mesosystem 
D)  endosystem

Exam 2: Theories of Development: Interpreting the Lifespan