Question 1

When introduced to American psychology, the Gestalt movement:

Accepted Answer

A)   became the dominant system of psychology.
B)   was largely irrelevant.
C)   was out of synchrony with the zeitgeist of American psychology.
D)   seriously challenged functional psychology.
E)   seriously challenged structural psychology. C

Question 2

Wertheimer was led to the early expression of Gestalt principles from his work on:

Accepted Answer

A)   the transposition of tonal melodies.
B)   apparent movement.
C)   depth perception.
D)   color vision.
E)   isomorphism. B

Question 3

Husserl's phenomenology and Gestalt theory:

Accepted Answer

A)   were in agreement on the substance of psychology.
B)   were in opposition on the substance of psychology.
C)   reached the same conclusions from different directions.
D)   were the products of the same intellectual forces.
E)   were both opposed to empiricism. D

Question 4

The term gestalt expresses the basic view of psychological events as:

Accepted Answer

A)   elements reducible to causal parts.
B)   analyzed into physiological components.
C)   metaphysical abstractions.
D)   organized, unified, and coherent phenomena.
E)   atomistic systems of consciousness.

Question 5

The Gestalt movement influence the view of behavior as:

Accepted Answer

A)   elements of stimulus-response associations.
B)   a sensory process.
C)   organized fields.
D)   a collection of isomorphic traces.
E)   trial-and-error learning.

Question 6

Külpe's Würzburg school:

Accepted Answer

A)   supported the findings of structural psychology.
B)   advocated the view of sensory consciousness.
C)   advocated the view of nonsensory consciousness.
D)   objected to the early writings of the Gestalt psychologists.
E)   suggested the existence of innate ideas.

Question 7

The tendency to complete incomplete figures was termed:

Accepted Answer

A)   assimilation.
B)   convergence.
C)   closure.
D)   object constancy.
E)   proximity.

Question 8

Wertheimer's later research on thought processes led him to:

Accepted Answer

A)   believe in sensory elements.
B)   support the principles of conditioning.
C)   support innate ideas.
D)   support creative strategies in problem solving.
E)   develop a theory of higher consciousness devoid of sensory experience.

Question 9

Köhler's early work in Gestalt psychology focused on:

Accepted Answer

A)   the phi phenomenon.
B)   depth perception.
C)   problem solving in apes.
D)   trial-and-error learning.
E)   conditioned reflexes.

Question 10

Lewin:

Accepted Answer

A)   founded Gestalt psychology.
B)   applied Gestalt principles.
C)   relied on sensory determination.
D)   proposed that group dynamics were isomorphic.
E)   focused on statistical predictions of group dynamics.

Question 11

Gestalt psychology succeeded in replacing:

Accepted Answer

A)   structural psychology in Germany.
B)   structural psychology in America.
C)   act psychology in Germany.
D)   empiricism with introspection.
E)   empiricism with phenomenology.

Question 12

According to Gestalt principles, individual psychology is the product of:

Accepted Answer

A)   person-environment interactions.
B)   innate ideas.
C)   physiological mechanisms.
D)   immediate experience.
E)   mental reactions to environmental stimuli.

Question 13

A phenomenological approach in psychology:

Accepted Answer

A)   recognizes the unity of experience perceived by the individual.
B)   views mental activity in terms of the elements of consciousness.
C)   views mental activity as devoid of environmental influences.
D)   analyzes consciousness into causal parts.
E)   reinforces the validity of the experimental method.

Question 14

In America, Gestalt psychology:

Accepted Answer

A)   was absorbed into functional psychology.
B)   was absorbed into structural psychology.
C)   was absorbed into behavioral psychology.
D)   accepted the basis of psychology in introspection.
E)   accepted the basis of psychology in reflexology.

Question 15

Lewin's views were attractive because he:

Accepted Answer

A)   relied on Gestalt theory.
B)   studied complex activities not accommodated elsewhere.
C)   viewed social dynamics in terms of sensory elements.
D)   believed personality is a self-contained energy system.
E)   explained the complexities of discrimination learning.

Question 16

In Lewin's theory, the directional action of a person in the environmental space was termed a:

Accepted Answer

A)   valence.
B)   vector.
C)   barrier.
D)   drive.
E)   tension.

Question 17

The modern expression of phenomenology was proposed by:

Accepted Answer

A)   Brentano.
B)   Stumpf.
C)   Husserl.
D)   Wertheimer.
E)   Köhler.

Question 18

According to Lewin, internal conflict may be resolved by:

Accepted Answer

A)   two opposing vectors.
B)   transpositional learning.
C)   mental barriers.
D)   changing of valences.
E)   selective repressions.

Question 19

The critical dimension in comparisons of environmental objects was the:

Accepted Answer

A)   characteristics of parts.
B)   relations between the parts.
C)   addition of the parts.
D)   elements of the parts.
E)   analysis of the parts.

Question 20

As a movement within psychology, Gestalt theory was initially:

Accepted Answer

A)   a reaction against structural psychology.
B)   a reaction against act psychology.
C)   a reaction against functional psychology.
D)   an attempt to extend empiricism.
E)   an attempt to salvage introspection.

Exam 15: The Gestalt Movement