Question 1

Watson, although one of the most influential figures in North American psychology, was asked to leave academia because of

Accepted Answer

A)  his inability to accept a psychology that was not purely behaviorist in methods.
B)  academic misconduct at Johns Hopkins University.
C)  the highly unethical procedures during the famous Little Albert experiment.
D)  his affair with a research assistant. D

Question 2

The German term Wissenschaften refers to the idea that

Accepted Answer

A)  students should be provided with publicly funded education.
B)  science should be offered at all levels of the curriculum.
C)  all students should be provided with strong and dedicated mentors.
D)  all manner of topics can be investigated with a scientific attitude. D

Question 3

Psychophysics can be defined as

Accepted Answer

A)  a natural science whereby the connection between the mind and the body is examined empirically.
B)  a branch of study involving the physical measurement and quantification of psychological phenomena.
C)  the application of psychological knowledge to the physical world.
D)  a hybrid of scientific methodologies, including psychical and physiological sciences. B

Question 4

Ernst Heinrich Weber's formulation of the just-noticeable difference (jnd) refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  sensory discrimination's reliance on the absolute difference between the original stimulus and the comparison stimulus.
B)  the difference between one sensory experience and another as determined subjectively.
C)  the individual differences among people in their ability to discriminate among stimuli of various intensities.
D)  the smallest increase in the physical intensity of a stimulus that can be reliably discriminated as a sensory experience.

Question 5

The term noumenal world refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  René Descartes's expression of the interaction between the mind and the body.
B)  Immanuel Kant's theory that when the external world encounters the human mind it is transformed.
C)  a Kantian concept that the external world consists of objects in a pure state, independent of human experience.
D)  the idea that all knowledge is gained through experience.

Question 6

Universities that were opening in the United States in the late 1800s and early 1900s were offering graduate programs that were distinctly research focused.One early example of such a university was

Accepted Answer

A)  Vassar College.
B)  Johns Hopkins University.
C)  Harvard College.
D)  none of the above

Question 7

The German university system and educational tradition differed dramatically from other European or American models of schooling because

Accepted Answer

A)  German universities had a strict institutional structure compared to the open atmospheres of American and French universities.
B)  German universities did not require any formal examinations.
C)  German universities focused on creating an open atmosphere of learning where students and professors could explore chosen topics of interest.
D)  German universities were secular, while all American and French universities were religiously based.

Question 8

Many influential German philosophers and scientists, such as Kant, Hermann von Helmholtz, and Fechner, facilitated the emergence of a science of Psychology.Although there are several reasons for the strong German influence on the emergence of a scientific psychology, a particularly important aspect of the context in which these figures worked was

Accepted Answer

A)  the structure of the German university system.
B)  German Kultur.
C)  Lehrfreiheit and Lernfreiheit.
D)  all of the above

Question 9

Wundt's 1874 publication Principles of Physiological Psychology was important in the development of psychology as a discipline because

Accepted Answer

A)  it merged experimental physiology and psychological introspection to create the field of experimental psychology.
B)  it clearly separated psychology from psychical research.
C)  it stated that all of psychology was amenable to experimental investigation.
D)  it provided a mathematical foundation for the new scientific psychology.

Question 10

Watson believed humans were born with which of the following three basic emotions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fear, rage, and love
B)  Sadness, love, and rage
C)  Fear, love, and happiness
D)  Happiness, anger, and sadness

Question 11

The Galtonian tradition in psychology can be described as

Accepted Answer

A)  associationistic.
B)  focused on the distribution of psychological characteristics in large numbers of individuals in a population.
C)  focused on understanding the processes of the individual human mind.
D)  focused on understanding abnormal experiences to inform us about normal experiences.

Question 12

What was Calkins's suggestion to psychologists, reflecting her reaction to Watson's behaviorist manifesto?

Accepted Answer

A)  That psychologists could continue to use introspection as a method for studying consciousness but that this should be the study of the conscious self in relation to its environment
B)  That they abandon introspection as Watson proposed and focus on making psychology of greater practical use
C)  To be wary of any position that eliminates consciousness as a focus of study
D)  To be wary of the use of animals in psychological research

Question 13

The psychotechnic method was developed by ____ and is described as ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  Hugo Münsterberg; scientifically matching the right worker to the right job to maximize workplace efficiency
B)  Wilhelm Wundt; the merging of psychological methods with technology to create more empirically sound research results
C)  Hugo Münsterberg; the empirical testing of physical measurements and the quantification of psychological phenomena
D)  Wilhelm Wundt; the German method of workplace organizational psychology

Question 14

The method of study developed by Wundt and used in his laboratory came to be known as

Accepted Answer

A)  experimental psychology.
B)  psychological introspection.
C)  experimental introspection.
D)  introspective research methodology.

Question 15

Wundt's method of experimental introspection could be distinguished from other forms of introspection because

Accepted Answer

A)  Wundt used laboratory apparatus to standardize the presentation of stimuli to which subjects would respond.
B)  his meticulous and detailed record keeping of all laboratory procedures was used to empirically demonstrate results.
C)  Wundt required his subjects to free-associate to stimuli.
D)  it was more mathematical.

Question 16

Descartes believed that the interactions between the body and the mind occurred in

Accepted Answer

A)  the pineal gland.
B)  the amygdala.
C)  the prefrontal cortex.
D)  the heart.

Question 17

Wilhelm Wundt started his academic career as an assistant to

Accepted Answer

A)  Hermann von Helmholtz.
B)  Ernst Heinrich Weber.
C)  Theodor Fechner.
D)  Fritz Ringer

Question 18

Lernfreiheit can be defined as ____, while Lehrfreiheit can be defined as ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  freedom to teach; freedom to learn
B)  freedom to learn; freedom to teach
C)  independent thought; freedom to learn
D)  freedom to teach; independent thought

Question 19

Wilhelm Dilthey's human scientific critique of experimental psychology was one of the most significant alternatives to the Wundtian tradition.Dilthey stated that

Accepted Answer

A)  atomism was the best approach to understanding psychological processes.
B)  prediction and control were appropriate goals for psychology.
C)  basic mental processes were the appropriate subject matter for psychology.
D)  experience in its totality was the appropriate subject matter for psychology.

Question 20

One of the most influential early figures in the development of psychology in the United States was

Accepted Answer

A)  Francis Galton.
B)  Mary Whiton Calkins.
C)  John B.Watson.
D)  William James.

Exam 4: Subject Matter, Methods, and the Making of a New Science