Question 1

Canadian research on high-achieving women and their career choices revealed:

Accepted Answer

A) women emphasized personal values and interests as factors in their career choices more than men did. 
B) women were more successful than men. 
C) successful women were more likely than men to display learned helplessness. 
D) no sex differences in relation to this issue.

Question 2

Which one of the following students most clearly has a work-avoidance goal?

Accepted Answer

A) Frederick stayed up so late last night watching television that he can hardly stay awake in class. 
B) Loni is so active in student government that she often does not have time to get her homework done. 
C) Chris asks for his teacher's help on something he is perfectly capable of doing on his own. 
D) Nancy wonders why she has to work harder than her friends to get the same grades they do.

Question 3

Jean does her homework primarily to gain her teacher's approval.She has little internal desire to do her homework, although she does feel slight twinges of guilt when she fails to get an assignment done on time.Of the four stages through which internalized motivation evolves, which stage does Jean appear to be in?

Accepted Answer

A) external regulation 
B) introjection 
C) identification 
D) integration

Question 4

Eileen is reluctant to go out for the school soccer team.We want to enhance her self-confidence about becoming a successful soccer player.If we consider attribution theory, the best thing we can say to Eileen is:

Accepted Answer

A) "Some people are just naturally good soccer players, and I've seen signs that you're probably one of them." 
B) "The game of soccer is largely a matter of luck.Some days are good ones and some days are bad.You just never know how things will go." 
C) "Skill in soccer is totally a function of how hard you work at the game." 
D) "You have some natural athletic ability, and practice will make you even better."

Question 5

Given what motivation theorists tell us about expectancies and values, you are least likely to value an activity that:

Accepted Answer

A) will make you look good in front of your peers. 
B) you will have to work exceptionally hard to succeed. 
C) you do not enjoy but is important for career success. 
D) will enable you to obtain desired reinforcement.

Question 6

In terms of motivation theory, a sense of self-determination means:

Accepted Answer

A) reinforcing yourself when you do a good job. 
B) believing that you have some choice about what you do. 
C) deciding what kind of person you want to become. 
D) knowing that you can accomplish something if you just put your mind to it.

Question 7

When 14-year-old Valerie discovers that she has gotten an A on the last assignment, she expresses pride to her teacher and explains that she worked very hard on it.On the way home from school, however, she tells her friends that she did not put much effort into the project at all and so is quite surprised about her high grade.From the perspective of attribution theory, how can we best explain Valerie's conflicting statements?

Accepted Answer

A) She suspects that her friends have performance goals rather than mastery goals, and she is trying to go along with the crowd. 
B) She knows that her teacher is more likely than her friends to have an entity view of intelligence, and she tailors her explanations accordingly. 
C) She knows that her teacher values hard work but that her friends do not, and she tailors her explanations accordingly. 
D) Her social goals are taking precedence over her academic goals in both incidents.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes how the social cognitive perspective differs from the behaviourist perspective?

Accepted Answer

A) the effect of reinforcement is not considered. 
B) the consequences of behaviours affect one's expectations regarding future behaviours. 
C) self-efficacy effects decisions regarding the future. 
D) the lack of contingency contracts.

Question 9

Which one of the following is most accurate regarding intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

Accepted Answer

A) extrinsic motivation should be fostered in later years. 
B) intrinsic motivation should always be encouraged. 
C) intrinsic and extrinsic motivation can complement each other. 
D) less intrinsic motivation is seen in students who have social difficulties.

Question 10

When is the need for relatedness especially high?

Accepted Answer

A) middle school. 
B) high school. 
C) preschool. 
D) elementary school.

Question 11

Which one of the following boys exhibits learned industriousness?

Accepted Answer

A) Joshua would much rather make something with his hands than read a book. 
B) Zeke would much rather read a book than make something with his hands. 
C) Keith continues to work hard on the computer program he is writing, even though he has not been able to get it to work right yet. 
D) Jamal knows that many of the things he is learning in math and physics will be useful in his future career as an architect, and so he studies these topics with possible architectural applications in mind.

Question 12

In its discussion of motivation, the textbook describes mastery goals, performance-approach goals, and performance-avoidance goals.
a.In a short paragraph, explain how these three types of goals are different.
b.Describe four ways in which students with mastery goals and those with performance goals (especially those with performance-avoidance goals) are likely to think and/or act differently.
c.List three strategies you might use to promote mastery goals.Illustrate each one with a concrete example of something you might do.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In its discussion of motivation, the textbook...

Question 13

Explain each of the following situations in terms of attribution theory.
a.After a history of school failures, Marcus eventually stops trying to do well.
b.A fifth-grade teacher gives her class a difficult mathematics test, and many of her students fail it.She tells her class that she will give them a different test on the same material tomorrow.Many of the boys in the class say they will go home and study again.Some of the girls say that they already studied once, and it did not do much good, so why bother?
c.Samantha's mother helps her study for an addition test on Tuesday and a subtraction test on Thursday.Samantha passes the Tuesday test and is quite proud of herself.She fails the Thursday test and blames her mother for not helping her enough.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain each of the following situations in...

Question 14

A student who has developed learned helplessness about his or her spelling ability is most likely to say which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) "I have to work harder than my friends to learn to spell." 
B) "I can learn how to spell words correctly without even trying." 
C) "No matter how much I study words, I can't remember how to spell them." 
D) "I would learn to spell eventually, but it's not worth the time it would take to do so."

Question 15

Which one of the following situations best illustrates the role of drive in motivation?

Accepted Answer

A) After not having time for either breakfast or lunch, Adam eats three large hamburgers for dinner. 
B) Yvonne is intrigued by her psychology course; it explains why she and her friends do some of the things they do. 
C) Jake works out at the gym each day.His goal is to win the title of "Mr.Fitness". 
D) Vikki writes notes to her friends whenever she gets bored in class.

Question 16

Francine failed her English literature exam.Given what attribution theory tells us about how students typically interpret failures, how is Francine least likely to explain her failure?

Accepted Answer

A) She did not study enough. 
B) The teacher writes bad exams. 
C) The room was too noisy during the exam. 
D) She had bad luck.

Question 17

Under some conditions, negative feedback can increase students' intrinsic motivation to perform school tasks.With these conditions in mind, choose the statement below that is most likely to promote intrinsic motivation.

Accepted Answer

A) "You have the lowest quiz score in the entire class, Bill.I want you to see if you can do better than at least half of your classmates next time." 
B) "The Drama Club should be embarrassed about the mess it left in the cafeteria after school yesterday.Do you want the rest of the school to think that Drama Club members are slobs?" 
C) "I know you have the ability to write a better essay than this, Janet.Let me give you some suggestions about what you might do differently next time." 
D) "I'm not pleased with the projects that you students turned in yesterday.You should be ashamed of yourselves for not taking the assignment more seriously."

Question 18

Which one of the following students clearly has a performance goal rather than a mastery goal?

Accepted Answer

A) Alec judges his own performance on the basis of how his classmates do. 
B) Blanche always does more than her teacher requires. 
C) Christina persists when she encounters a difficult mathematics problem. 
D) Barry is bored by easy assignments.

Question 19

Ms.Jantzen provides a great deal of academic support to help her students achieve classroom objectives.Why should this strategy help promote a mastery orientation in her students?

Accepted Answer

A) All students should be able to learn on their own, but those who are not highly motivated may want the teacher's help. 
B) Students need sufficient resources and support to believe that they can succeed if they really want to. 
C) Students invariably need lots of support to achieve their performance goals. 
D) Students who attribute their accomplishments to internal factors such as ability or effort may need external help in order to learn that they cannot do everything by themselves.

Question 20

As teachers, we can probably best help students overcome debilitating anxiety in the classroom by:

Accepted Answer

A) downplaying the importance of education; putting less emphasis on working hard and more on relaxing and having fun. 
B) allowing them to work at whatever subjects they like best until they feel ready to tackle other, perhaps more difficult subjects. 
C) communicating to them that they can succeed with effort, and that mistakes can be corrected. 
D) reminding them how important it is that they demonstrate mastery of instructional objectives for the year.

Exam 9: Motivation, Affect, and Cognition