Question 1

In the history of emotion, the study of people's facial expressions was so important because it showed that emotions:

Accepted Answer

A)  could be shaped by environmental events (e.g., rewards, incentives) .
B)  were about two-thirds cognitive (and about one-third biological) .
C)  were cross-culturally universal and genetically-based.
D)  were culture-specific and learned through experience and socialization. C

Question 2

Which of the following motivational constructs arose after the decline of drive theory as a possible grand theory replacement?

Accepted Answer

A)  habit
B)  hedonism
C)  incentive
D)  instinct C

Question 3

Plato's portrayal of how the mind generated motivation was remarkably similar to whose later portrayal of how the mind generated motivation?

Accepted Answer

A)   B.F.Skinner
B)   Bernard Weiner
C)   Clark Hull
D)   Sigmund Freud D

Question 4

Three historical events explain why motivation study left behind its grand theories in favor of embracing mini-theories.Which of the following is not one of those events?

Accepted Answer

A)  a growing interest in socially relevant problems and applications
B)  the assumption that human beings are naturally active rather than naturally passive
C)  the cognitive revolution
D)  the decreased importance of the clinical approach to motivation study

Question 5

Briefly explain what happens during the development of any scientific discipline
in each of the following four stages: pre-paradigmatic, paradigmatic, crisis and
revolution, and new paradigm.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Briefly explain what happens during the development...

Question 6

In which of the following developmental stages of a scientific discipline does the following occur: Participants use different methods, pursue different problems, and endorse different theories and solutions to explain the field's subject matter.

Accepted Answer

A)  crisis and revolution
B)  new paradigm
C)  paradigmatic
D)  pre-paradigmatic

Question 7

Whose theory of motivation is being summarized?: If need-based energy accumulates unchecked over time, motivation arises as a sort of emergency warning system in the form of psychological anxiety that signals action needs to be taken.Once action is initiated, both bodily need and psychological anxiety are quieted.

Accepted Answer

A)  Descartes' mind-body dualism
B)  Freud's drive theory
C)  James's instinct theory
D)  Lorenz's fixed action pattern

Question 8

Outline Hull's drive theory by explaining
(a)how behavior becomes energized and
(b)how behavior becomes directed to a particular end or purpose.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Outline Hull's drive theory by explaining
(a)how behavior...

Question 9

A rat deprived of food will learn a new response even if it is given only a nonnutritive, saccharine-sweetened substance after performing the new response. This finding is most problematic for which theory of motivation?

Accepted Answer

A)  drive
B)  extrinsic
C)  instinct
D)  intrinsic

Question 10

In which of the following developmental stages of a scientific discipline does the following occur: Participants share a consensus about what constitutes the field's methods, problems, and solutions; participants accumulate knowledge and make incremental advances.

Accepted Answer

A)  crisis and revolution
B)  new paradigm
C)  paradigmatic
D)  pre-paradigmatic

Question 11

One crucial conclusion a historical study of motivation teaches us is that:

Accepted Answer

A)  human motivation is too complex to understand.
B)  motivation study is most successful when it focuses on building and validating grand theories of motivation.
C)  the forces that direct behavior are as important as the forces that energize it.
D)  we should limit our contemporary study to the instigators of behavior.

Question 12

Which of the following historical figures actively promoted the will as a grand theory to explain motivation?

Accepted Answer

A)  René Descartes
B)  Clark Hull
C)  Sigmund Freud
D)  William James

Question 13

Which of the following motivational states can be experimentally manipulated and changed in a laboratory setting?

Accepted Answer

A)  drive
B)  instinct
C)  will
D)  all of the above

Question 14

What was the contribution of the ancient Greeks to the study of motivation?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What was the contribution of the ancient...

Question 15

In terms of the historical study of motivation, what was so important about the fact that motivational thinkers began to focus on applied, socially relevant research?

Accepted Answer

A)  a focus on naturally occurring instances of motivation outside the research laboratory.
B)  an ideological shift away from studying animal, biological, and evolutionary motivational constructs.
C)  the emergence of motivation study as the most important field in the study of psychology.
D)  the understanding that motivation is a constant, fluctuating, and universal aspect of every living person.

Question 16

What is a mini-theory? Take any one of motivation's current mini-theories and explain why it constitutes a mini-theory (as opposed to a grand theory) of motivation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is a mini-theory? Take any one...

Question 17

Instinct failed as a grand theory of motivation primarily because:

Accepted Answer

A)  it could explain only specific phenomena such as effort, self-control, and self-regulation.
B)  it proved to be as mysterious and difficult to explain as was the motivation it supposedly generated.
C)  its underlying explanatory logic was exposed as circular.
D)  it focused only on explaining the direction of behavior, not the energization of behavior.

Question 18

The advantage that instinct had over the will as a scientific motivational construct was that instinct:

Accepted Answer

A)  arose from the study of philosophy.
B)  could be shown to be highly similar to other motivational constructs.
C)  from where motivation came from in the first place.
D)  it could more easily applied to social problems and situations.

Question 19

Which of the following historical figures actively promoted drive as a grand theory to explain motivation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Aristotle
B)  Charles Darwin
C)  Knight Dunlap
D)  Sigmund Freud

Question 20

In Clark Hull's sEr = sHr x D x K formula, what does the sEr stand for?

Accepted Answer

A)  actualization of a genetic disposition
B)  emotion
C)  enthusiasm
D)  incentive
E)  strength of behavior

Exam 2: Motivation and Emotion in Historical Perspective