Frances Woke Up This Morning with a Horrible Toothache

Multiple Choice

Frances woke up this morning with a horrible toothache. While at work, she avoids interactions with her coworkers. When asked by a work friend if everything is okay, Frances tells her that it hurts too much to talk to people, so she is trying to stay away from people. In this situation, the toothache is most likely a:

A) Discriminative stimulus
B) Motivating operation
C) Negative punisher
D) Negative reinforcer