Question 1

Shabani, Carr, and Petursdottir (2009) found that children trained to respond to buttons associated with different response efforts but the same reinforcer would respond first to the lowest-effort response, then to the medium-effort response option, and finally the high-effort response option, when the reinforcer was no longer delivered. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  Respondent behavior 
B)  An abolishing operation 
C)  A motivating operation 
D)  A response hierarchy

Question 2

When evaluating the immediacy of change in order to determine experimental control, behavioral analysts recommend using the last ______ sessions of baseline and the first _________ sessions of the treatment phase.

Accepted Answer

A)  3; 3 
B)  2; 4 
C)  4;2 
D)  3; 5

Question 3

In terms of behavior-environment relations, establishing operations:

Accepted Answer

A)  Increase momentarily responses that have produced reinforcement 
B)  Increase the momentary effectiveness of reinforcement 
C)  Are used to construct the foundations of behavior 
D)  Both (a) and (b)

Question 4

_________ are events, settings, and situations that come before operant behavior and increase its probability.

Accepted Answer

A)  Reinforcers 
B)  Operants 
C)  Discriminative stimuli 
D)  Respondents

Question 5

Max conducted a study in which he moved the recycling bin in the hallway close to the classroom door for a week and then a week with the recycling bin about 10 feet from the door of the classroom. The trash bin remained constant at about 5 feet from the classroom door. At the end of each day, Max measured the amount of recycling in the bin. What is the dependent variable for this study?

Accepted Answer

A)  The location of the recycling bin 
B)  The location of the trash can 
C)  The amount of trash in the regular garbage 
D)  The amount of trash in the recycling bin

Question 6

A unique benefit of steady baselines for behavioral neuroscientists interested in the effects of drugs on behavior is that:

Accepted Answer

A)  They demonstrate experimental control 
B)  They allow researchers to feel more confident about findings 
C)  They help to demonstrate a causal relation between variables 
D)  They allow for the detection of effects of small doses of a drug

Question 7

The reversal phase of an A-B-A-B study is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  An indirect replication 
B)  A dependent variable 
C)  Negative reinforcement 
D)  A direct replication

Question 8

In terms of the Stroop effect, behavior analysts point to _____ and _____ as reasons for hesitation:

Accepted Answer

A)  Response competition; learning 
B)  Learning; reinforcement 
C)  History of reinforcement; memory 
D)  Response competition; history of reinforcement

Question 9

Functional analysis involves classifying behavior according to _____, and analyzing the environment in terms of _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  Response functions; stimulus functions 
B)  Stimulus functions; attributes 
C)  Consequences; response functions 
D)  Attributes; consequences

Question 10

Which of the following behavior would least likely belong to the same response class as the other three behaviors?

Accepted Answer

A)  Opening the door to the refrigerator 
B)  Lighting a candle 
C)  Turning on the television 
D)  Changing the temperature on the air conditioner

Question 11

A researcher reports that a classroom where students received points that could be exchanged for extra recess time whenever they completed math practice problems saw an average increase of five completed homework problems per child per day compared to baseline. In terms of evaluating the effectiveness of this program, the researcher would most likely focus on:

Accepted Answer

A)  Changes in level of response 
B)  Changes in the range of variability 
C)  Changes in immediacy 
D)  Changes in trend

Question 12

Which of the following was not identified as a major problem with a structural approach to studying behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  Structural approaches do not actually explain the development of the behavior 
B)  Structural approaches often rely on circular explanations of behavior 
C)  Structural approaches do not typically involve direct observation of behavior 
D)  Structural approaches use behavioral observations to make inferences about internal states/stages

Question 13

A behavior analytic explanation of the Stroop effect would likely rely on:

Accepted Answer

A)  Competition for limited cognitive resources 
B)  A conflict between automatic reading and the meaning of the word 
C)  Response competition between the multiple elements of the stimulus 
D)  A failure of selective attention

Question 14

A researcher examined the possibility that additional recess time would increase the number of math facts learned over a one-month period. The procedure tested this hypothesis using a first-grade classroom with extended recess time and a second-grade classroom with regular recess time. In this study, the amount of recess time would be considered:

Accepted Answer

A)  The independent variable 
B)  The dependent variable 
C)  A confound 
D)  The research hypothesis

Question 15

When considering a baby's babbling being reinforced by the parent so the child will ultimately be able to produce language, attempts at speech are ______ behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  Operant 
B)  Respondent 
C)  Reflexive 
D)  Instinctual

Question 16

Which of the following would be an example of an abolishing operation (AO) for eating?

Accepted Answer

A)  Food deprivation 
B)  Smelling rancid meat 
C)  A "closed" sign on a restaurant 
D)  Putting a lock on the fridge

Question 17

Frances woke up this morning with a horrible toothache. While at work, she avoids interactions with her coworkers. When asked by a work friend if everything is okay, Frances tells her that it hurts too much to talk to people, so she is trying to stay away from people. In this situation, the toothache is most likely a:

Accepted Answer

A)  Discriminative stimulus 
B)  Motivating operation 
C)  Negative punisher 
D)  Negative reinforcer

Question 18

Conditioned emotional responses that include an increase in heart rate, perspiration, or a change in blood pressure are examples of ______.

Accepted Answer

A)  Instincts 
B)  Respondents 
C)  Learning 
D)  Operants

Question 19

Which of the following is not one of the conditions tested by Iwata and associates (1994) in their functional analysis of the cause of self-injurious behavior (SIB) in children with developmental disabilities?

Accepted Answer

A)  Peer interaction 
B)  Academic demands 
C)  Alone time 
D)  Play time

Question 20

The term _____ refers to behavior that is elicited and the term _____ refers to behavior that is emitted:

Accepted Answer

A)  Operant; respondent 
B)  Reflexive; flexible 
C)  Respondent; operant 
D)  Flexible; reflexive

Exam 2: The Experimental Analysis of Behavior

When evaluating the immediacy of change in order to determine experimental control, behavioral analysts recommend using the last sessions of baseline and the first ___ sessions of the treatment phase.