Question 1

The availability heuristic is based on cognitive _______, the extent to which knowledge is activated in memory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The availability heuristic is based on cognitive...

Question 2

Process is to structure as __________ memory is to _________ memory.

Accepted Answer

A) explicit; implicit 
B) sensory; working 
C) long-term; working 
D) working; short-term

Question 3

Which of the following memory measures is correctly described

Accepted Answer

A) recall -- involves retrieving material from memory after it has been learned 
B) recognition -- entails determining whether material has learned before 
C) relearning -- involves studying material again after it has been learned already but then forgotten 
D) Each of these is correctly described.

Question 4

The hippocampus:

Accepted Answer

A) helps encode information about spatial relationships 
B) helps encode the context surrounding events 
C) helps form associations among memories 
D) A, B, and C

Question 5

The hippocampus plays a role in memory consolidation. Therefore it is probably most accurate to say that the hippocampus is more involved in _________ than in ________.

Accepted Answer

A) retrieval; encoding or storage 
B) storage; encoding 
C) encoding and storage; retrieval 
D) storage and retrieval; encoding

Question 6

"She did WHAT" your roommate exclaims as you relate a story about a mutual friend. Your roommate is processing your story in _________ memory.

Accepted Answer

A) working 
B) sensory 
C) episodic 
D) implicit

Question 7

Having done "21 for 21" shots the night before, Deanna barely remembers her 21st birthday. That is, her _________ memory is sketchy.

Accepted Answer

A) procedural 
B) semantic 
C) episodic 
D) working

Question 8

Flashbulb memories remain accurate long after the original event.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Janna is puzzling over a fill-in-the-blank question on a sociology test. Answering the question correctly requires Janna to use ________ memory.

Accepted Answer

A) explicit 
B) implicit 
C) recognition 
D) episodic

Question 10

Bruce watches a new television program with enthusiasm. He then watches a second, similar program. Bruce later finds it

Accepted Answer

A) interference 
B) misinformation 
C) overlearning 
D) repression

Question 11

"I don't know who told me first, but I heard that Kenny . . . ," Lana begins, sharing gossip on the phone to a friend. Lana is experiencing:

Accepted Answer

A) anterograde amnesia 
B) retrograde amnesia 
C) progressive interference 
D) a failure of source monitoring

Question 12

Research participants are asked to judge whether or not a string of letters forms a word in English. They are first given the string CABBAGE. Based on what you know about categories and spreading activation, which of the following strings might participants then judge the most rapidly

Accepted Answer

A) CRIBBAGE 
B) CARROT 
C) TOILET 
D) CABOOSE

Question 13

The primacy effect refers to the fact that

Accepted Answer

A) the most important items in a list are more most to be remembered. 
B) the last items presented in a list are most likely to be remembered. 
C) the first items presented in a list are most likely to be remembered. 
D) the items in a list which have the greatest emotional impact are most likely to be remembered.

Question 14

Based on research described in your text (Bargh et al., 1996), which of the following statements is true of priming effects

Accepted Answer

A) Priming effects are very small, and have few effects on behavior. 
B) Priming effects are significant, but have few effects on behavior. 
C) Priming effects are significant and influence behavior. 
D) Priming effects are significant, but they only influence behavior when one is aware of them.

Question 15

Erika usually 'crams' for tests the night before they are given. Francisco generally studies each of his courses for about 45 minutes each night throughout the term. Erika relies on __________, whereas Francisco uses _________.

Accepted Answer

A) maintenance processing; elaborative processing 
B) distributed practice; massed practice 
C) massed practice; elaborative processing 
D) massed practice; distributed practice

Question 16

According to the principle of elaborative encoding, which of the following students should retrieve information more successfully on classroom tests

Accepted Answer

A) Grant, who attempts to memorize his notes 
B) Harry, who attempts to relate the material to his own experiences. 
C) Irene, who attempts to relate her notes to information she has learned in other classes 
D) These students should retrieve information equally well on tests

Question 17

After material is learned, little is forgotten at first, but then the rate of forgetting speeds up.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Lou considers himself lucky, while his friend Larry considers himself unlucky. They each take $100 to a casino and play blackjack for 3 hours. When they leave, they have each lost $20. What does research on the confirmation bias suggest will happen

Accepted Answer

A) Because of their losses, Larry will maintain his view of himself and Lou will begin to change his view of himself. 
B) Both men will reason that they were willing to lose $100 but only lost $20, so it is as if they won $80; so, Lou will maintain his view of himself and Larry will begin to change his. 
C) Larry will begin to change his view of himself, reasoning that he was willing to lose $100 but he only lost $20, so it is as if he won $80.Because of his loss, Lou will also begin to change his view of himself. 
D) Larry will maintain his view of himself because of his loss.Lou will also maintain his view of himself, reasoning that he was willing to lose $100 but he only lost $20, so it is actually like he won $80.

Question 19

Estelle remembers a night she was mugged and brutally beaten. This memory probably involves her:

Accepted Answer

A) cerebellum 
B) hypothalamus 
C) thalamus 
D) amygdala

Question 20

Which of the following expressions best reflects the capacity of short-term memory

Accepted Answer

A) one or two items 
B) unlimited 
C) about seven, plus or minus two items 
D) about a dozen items

Exam 8: Remembering and Judging