Question 1

What are the age-related changes in neurons?

Accepted Answer

A) There are no age-related changes in neurons, but there are changes in neurotransmitters. 
B) The number of neurons increases. 
C) Tangles develop in the fibers that make up the axon. 
D) The number of connections between neurons, measured as synapses, increases after age 75.

Question 2

The field of neuroscience can be defined as

Accepted Answer

A) the study of free radicals. 
B) the study of the compensatory changes that older adults make in adapting to behavioral decline. 
C) the use of stem cells to generate new neurons. 
D) the study of the brain, particularly the study of plasticity in the aging brain.

Question 3

Researchers now acknowledge that cognitive, social, and emotional change in older adulthood is influenced by changes in the brain at both the _______ and __________ levels.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Researchers now acknowledge that cognitive, social, and...

Question 4

Bilateral activation in older adults may serve a functional and supportive role in their __________ functioning.

Accepted Answer

A) conscious 
B) unconscious 
C) cognitive 
D) physical

Question 5

P-FIT stands for

Accepted Answer

A) Passive-Frontal Lobe Integration Theory. 
B) Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory. 
C) Parieto-Fractional Imperative Test. 
D) Partial-Frontal Interest Theory.

Question 6

Research findings have shown an association between bilateral activation in older adults and _________performance in a number of tasks, including __________ memory tasks.

Accepted Answer

A) higher; long-term 
B) lower; working 
C) higher; working 
D) lower; short-term

Question 7

Evidence has shown that the _________ in frontal activity in older adults may be a response to the _________ efficiency of neural processing related to the perceptual areas of the brain.

Accepted Answer

A) increase; increased 
B) decrease; increased 
C) function; increased 
D) increase; decreased

Question 8

Even though aging is associated with an overall decrease in the number of new neurons, this differs across ______________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Even though aging is associated with an...

Question 9

What have you learned in this chapter about the ways in which brain deterioration can be slowed or even reversed?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What have you learned in this chapter...

Question 10

Research by Winecoff and colleagues (2011) indicates that as cognitive abilities decline, people may be less able to __________ , a pattern typical in diseases such as dementia.

Accepted Answer

A) ignore irrelevant information 
B) learn new tasks 
C) hold as many pieces of information in working memory at one time 
D) regulate their emotions

Question 11

____________ is a multifaceted concept that involves the changes in structure and function of the brain over time as the result of the interaction of the brain with the environment.

Accepted Answer

A) Plasticity 
B) Neurality 
C) Neuroscience 
D) Neurofibrillation

Question 12

Structural neuroimaging focuses on the __________ of the brain.

Accepted Answer

A) blood flow 
B) structure 
C) development 
D) function

Question 13

The scaffolding theory of cognitive aging (STAC) model suggests that the reason older adults continue to perform at ___________ levels despite neuronal deterioration is because of compensatory scaffolding.

Accepted Answer

A) low 
B) high 
C) superior 
D) unpredictable

Question 14

Why are the results from neurocorrelational studies considered speculative?

Accepted Answer

A) because random sampling is not used 
B) because the measures used in these types of studies lack validity 
C) because we cannot be certain that the behavioral tests accurately assess the actual anatomical and functional activity of the brain region under investigation 
D) because correlational findings are more speculative than those acquired from experimental designs

Question 15

White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are linked to cerebrovascular diseases, which are preventable and can be treated with

Accepted Answer

A) surgery and medications. 
B) medications and lifestyle changes. 
C) cognitive behavioral therapy and changes in diet. 
D) hypnosis and lifestyle changes.

Question 16

The dopaminergic system is associated with high-level cognitive functioning such as inhibiting thoughts,___________, and planning.

Accepted Answer

A) attention 
B) socialization 
C) activity level 
D) temperament

Question 17

Which part of the brain is preserved from aging?

Accepted Answer

A) amygdala 
B) occipital 
C) parietal 
D) prefrontal

Question 18

What is the neurocorrelational approach? How does it differ from the neuropsychological approach? Explain.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the neurocorrelational approach? How does...

Question 19

Reduced brain activation or ____________ of the prefrontal cortex occurs in the elderly during intentional cognitive processing.

Accepted Answer

A) over-recruitment 
B) decline-recruitment 
C) low-recruitment 
D) under-recruitment

Question 20

Most neuroscience research has focused on the

Accepted Answer

A) right axon. 
B) brain stem. 
C) cerebral cortex. 
D) focal area.

Exam 2: Neuroscience As a Basis for Adult Development