Question 1

As processing (such as updating, response selection) becomes more demanding in working memory, memory span

Accepted Answer

A) remains the same. 
B) varies randomly. 
C) increases. 
D) decreases.

Question 2

There were three diagrammatic models of memory presented in your text: Atkinson and Shiffrin; Baddeley and Hitch; and Baddeley. Draw and label each of these models.

Accepted Answer

The answer of There were three diagrammatic models of memory...

Question 3

Laughery can account for acoustic confusions in recall by assuming that

Accepted Answer

A) names are stored as phonemes. 
B) auditory components (phonemes) are forgotten at different rates. 
C) recalled phonemes are used to constrain guessing. 
D) All of these

Question 4

What kind of task requires people to learn to identify stimuli that vary along a single, sensory continuum?

Accepted Answer

A) digit span 
B) memory span 
C) absolute judgment 
D) relative judgment

Question 5

What is the significance of chunking in memory? How can you use chunking to enhance your memory? Apply the concept of chunking to your life: Give at least one example related to studying and one example related to social activities.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the significance of chunking in...

Question 6

I tell you 3 numbers and then ask you to count backward by fours before asking you to recall the 3 numbers. What am I trying to demonstrate?

Accepted Answer

A) proactive interference 
B) retroactive interference 
C) release from proactive interference 
D) release from retroactive interference

Question 7

Short-term memory span of 7 plus or minus 2 refers to

Accepted Answer

A) the number of items that can be held in memory. 
B) the number of chunks that can be held in memory. 
C) the length of time information can be held in memory. 
D) the length of time to transfer information into long-term memory.

Question 8

Pausing in the letter string FBITWACIAIBM to form familiar groups allows people to take advantage of

Accepted Answer

A) absolute judgment. 
B) chunking. 
C) acoustic codes. 
D) paraphrases.

Question 9

George Miller argued that the limited capacity of short-term memory accounts for the results of experiments on

Accepted Answer

A) memory span. 
B) absolute judgment. 
C) Both of the above 
D) Neither of the above

Question 10

One of the aspects of Baddeley's model of working memory is that

Accepted Answer

A) both acoustic and visual codes are processed within the same subsystem. 
B) both acoustic and spatial codes are processed within the same subsystem. 
C) acoustic and visual-spatial information are processed within the same subsystem. 
D) None of these

Question 11

In proactive interference,

Accepted Answer

A) information in STM interferes with information in LTM. 
B) information in the sensory store interferes with information in LTM. 
C) previously presented information interferes with subsequent learning. 
D) recently learned information interferes with prior learning.

Question 12

One reason psychologists believe that there is a phonological rehearsal loop in Short-Term Memory is Sperling's (1963) finding that

Accepted Answer

A) some people remember sounds better than other people. 
B) people sometimes recall incorrect letters that sound like the correct ones. 
C) it is impossible for people to rehearse images. 
D) nonverbal information must be converted into verbal information before it can be stored in STM.

Question 13

Results of research on rates of forgetting in short-term memory indicate that we can hold information indefinitely without effort.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

The basic sounds of the English language are called

Accepted Answer

A) phonemes. 
B) vowels. 
C) syllables. 
D) words.

Question 15

Short-Term Memory is a critically important component of the information processing system because

Accepted Answer

A) it can combine information from the environment and Long-Term Memory whenever a person tries to learn new information, make decisions, or solve problems. 
B) nothing can be output through the sensory store without passing through it first. 
C) the rules of behavior are stored in STM. 
D) it lasts longer than the other forms of memory and, unlike the other forms of memory, it has the advantage of being 'erasable,' so that incorrect information can be filtered out.

Question 16

To prevent use of the visual-spatial sketchpad component of Baddeleys' working memory model people are required to

Accepted Answer

A) tap a series of keys. 
B) count aloud. 
C) produce a random string of letters. 
D) All of these

Question 17

Using pauses as a measure of chunk boundaries, Chase and Simon found that master chess players have

Accepted Answer

A) fewer chunks stored in LTM. 
B) larger chunks stored in LTM. 
C) Both of these 
D) Neither of these

Question 18

Of the three memory models discussed in the text (Atkinson and Shiffrin; Baddeley and Hitch; and Baddeley) which do you prefer? Why?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Of the three memory models discussed in...

Question 19

Which is not a component of Baddeley's working memory model?

Accepted Answer

A) filter 
B) phonological loop 
C) visual-spatial sketch pad 
D) central executive

Exam 4: Short-Term Working Memory