Question 1

The city council is divided on the subject of tough new environmental controls for manufacturing enterprises.The opponents of the plan say it creates a "bad business climate." The opponents are supporting:

Accepted Answer

A) paper entrepreneurialism. 
B) a hollow corporation. 
C) externalization. 
D) outsourcing. 
E) a two-tier wage structure.

Question 2

Craft workers

Accepted Answer

A) unlike unskilled workers, have lost many jobs because of increased automation. 
B) in recent decades have been a major occupational destination of minorities trying to improve their economic situation. 
C) like professionals, feel that only they have the expertise to determine how to best do a job. 
D) often have jobs that are characterized by high stress due to repetitive tasks and quotas. 
E) are too competitive with each other to organize effectively.

Question 3

The Pacific Northwest of the U.S.and the Gulf Coast of Texas have which of these economic characteristics in common?

Accepted Answer

A) Both are areas with historically rich agricultural economies that have been eliminated due to environmental concerns. 
B) Both have substantial problems with new immigrants flooding the labor market. 
C) Both have very stable economies due to their rich natural resources and strong extractive industries. 
D) Both rely heavily on a single extractive industry, leaving them vulnerable to economic downturns. 
E) These two areas have nothing in common.

Question 4

What does the text say about the decline of manufacturing jobs in North America?

Accepted Answer

A) increased productivity makes the employment decline inevitable 
B) loss of competitiveness with international producers caused a loss of jobs. 
C) American workers do not want to work in factories 
D) both a and b 
E) all of the above

Question 5

Why did Japan take the lead in steel production? All of the following are reasonable explanations EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A) Demand declined in the industrialized countries. 
B) The Japanese are inherently superior steelworkers. 
C) The American steel plants failed to invest in the latest technologies. 
D) Steel is hard to transport. 
E) Steel is vertically integrated with iron ore and coal mining.

Question 6

Precision production operators are considered to be

Accepted Answer

A) laborers. 
B) unskilled workers. 
C) skilled craft workers. 
D) professionals. 
E) mechanics.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT true? As farm productivity has risen,

Accepted Answer

A) farm prices have fallen. 
B) small farms have increased in number. 
C) family-owned farms have begun to disappear. 
D) energy costs and credit burdens have risen. 
E) farmers have sought alternative employment.

Question 8

Paper entrepreneurialism refers to

Accepted Answer

A) developing new methods of producing paper. 
B) use of paper money to stimulate the economy. 
C) manipulating balance sheets and profit margins. 
D) acquisition of newspapers by other media outlets. 
E) issuing stock for start-up companies.

Question 9

Which of the following characterizes occupational communities?

Accepted Answer

A) collective identity 
B) high pay 
C) relative isolation 
D) b and c 
E) a and c

Question 10

Some machine operators and assemblers are well-paid and others have low pay with poor benefits.What explains this difference?

Accepted Answer

A) Workers in the core economy are well-paid. 
B) Workers with repetitive jobs are well-paid. 
C) Workers with autonomous jobs are well-paid. 
D) Because of affirmative action in skilled trades, women and minority workers are well-paid. 
E) Workers in competitive industries are well-paid.

Question 11

Employment losses in American textiles are due to all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A) a decline in demand for textiles. 
B) less costly foreign goods. 
C) the export of jobs by American textile factories. 
D) improved technology in Europe. 
E) strong trade associations in other countries.

Question 12

What does the success of the mini-mills suggest?

Accepted Answer

A) American automobiles are still the world's finest. 
B) American textiles can compete internationally. 
C) Small batch processing is cost-effective. 
D) American steel can compete in specialized products. 
E) International competition is less frequently a problem in the 1990s, compared with the 1980s.

Question 13

How is the "declining middle" related to the reduced proportion of jobs in manufacturing?

Accepted Answer

A) The loss of jobs led to the decline of the Midwest. 
B) The middle sector in the sectoral transformation was reduced in size. 
C) In the jobs that were lost, wages had clustered around the middle range of income. 
D) The remaining manufacturing jobs are no longer held by the middle class. 
E) There are fewer jobs available in the downtown portions of cities.

Question 14

Machine operators and assemblers are also called

Accepted Answer

A) craft workers. 
B) laborers. 
C) semiskilled workers. 
D) unskilled workers. 
E) skilled workers.

Question 15

Occupational solidarity is reinforced if the occupation is:

Accepted Answer

A) unskilled. 
B) isolated. 
C) unsupervised. 
D) bilingual. 
E) unethical.

Question 16

The number of small farms owned by blacks in the South decreased because

Accepted Answer

A) they did not produce a high enough yield per acre. 
B) the farms were too small to support a family. 
C) federal price supports excluded the crops they raised. 
D) international agricultural competition was too intense. 
E) technology was unavailable to raise production.

Question 17

The Bureau of Labor Statistics distinguishes between unskilled and semiskilled work in terms of

Accepted Answer

A) length of training. 
B) amount of formal schooling. 
C) rate of pay. 
D) eligibility for fringe benefits. 
E) who supervises the work.

Question 18

What is paper entrepreneurialism?

Accepted Answer

A) A growth in the manufacturing sector's paper usage. 
B) A manipulation of balance sheets by firms to make more profits without making more or better products. 
C) The finance industry's mechanism for making take-home pay appear to increase faster than inflation. 
D) A federal policy to financially underwrite increased opportunities for communities to develop new industries. 
E) The issuing of worthless stocks to manipulate the asking price for a company.

Question 19

Aquaculture refers to

Accepted Answer

A) fish farming. 
B) testing swimming pools for micro-organisms. 
C) providing adequate water to a community. 
D) irrigation of farms. 
E) river navigation.

Question 20

What characteristic(s) of work give craft workers relative security from layoffs?

Accepted Answer

A) Craft workers are generally pleasant coworkers. 
B) The skills of craft workers are difficult and time-consuming to acquire, making them harder to replace than less skilled workers. 
C) The tasks required of most craft workers are too diverse to be easily automated. 
D) Craft workers do not have any additional security from layoffs-they are as vulnerable as any other workers. 
E) both b and c

Exam 8: From Field, Mine, and Factory