Question 1

A hypothesis is the simplest explanation of previous observations that generates valid, testable predictions in other situations.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 2

One problem with order effects is that some participants may withdraw from the experiment before completing all the conditions.This is known as:

Accepted Answer

A)  mortality
B)  drop-out
C)  counterbalancing
D)  boredom A

Question 3

The direction of causality cannot be inferred logically from non-experiments, which results in more than one possible causal explanation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 4

The simplest explanation of previous observations that generates valid, testable predictions in other situations is known as:

Accepted Answer

A)  a hypothesis
B)  an explanation
C)  parsimony
D)  a theory

Question 5

Studies in which participants or subjects are assigned to only one condition are called between-subjects or independent-groups experiments.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

The types of complications that may challenge a theory include:

Accepted Answer

A)  experiments and non-experiments
B)  significant findings and non-significant findings
C)  limitations in the findings and contradictory methods
D)  limitations in the methods and contradictory findings

Question 7

In non-experiments, participants are not ______________ to conditions or groups.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In non-experiments, participants are not ______________ to...

Question 8

Vacuous support for arguments is a flaw demonstrated when writers use emotional allegation, rather than objective arguments, to dismiss their opposition.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

A problem with organising and presenting theories chronologically is that:

Accepted Answer

A)  it is better to arrange them by subject
B)  although phrases might flow chronologically, they do not always flow logically
C)  two theories may not relate to one another
D)  only one theory about a topic can be true

Question 10

Where a writer declares that a revered person has expressed a supporting opinion it may be a flaw known as:

Accepted Answer

A)  evidence
B)  an ad hominem argument
C)  appeal to ignorance
D)  appeal to authority

Question 11

Where a third variable influences both the independent and the dependent variables it is said to be:

Accepted Answer

A)  annoying
B)  confounding
C)  spurious
D)  causal

Question 12

If the measure is not valid, it implies that it might not be measuring the variable that it claims to be measuring.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Where a writer declares that no contradictory findings have been observed it may be a flaw known as:

Accepted Answer

A)  evidence
B)  an ad hominem argument
C)  appeal to ignorance
D)  appeal to authority

Question 14

Studies in which participants or subjects are assigned to only one condition are called between-subjects or __________-groups experiments.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Studies in which participants or subjects are...

Question 15

Contradictory findings refers to observations that do not support the __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Contradictory findings refers to observations that do...

Question 16

Misrepresentation of the opposition is a flaw demonstrated when a writer describes a faulty version of opposing arguments, called a___________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Misrepresentation of the opposition is a flaw...

Question 17

To be intellectually sceptical means:

Accepted Answer

A)  considering evidence rather than responding emotionally
B)  wanting to know the truth
C)  only accepting the arguments of others when they are logical, complete, and supported by research
D)  attempting to resolve all inconsistencies

Question 18

Experiments, in general, include any research in which:

Accepted Answer

A)  participants or subjects are not randomly assigned to conditions
B)  the researcher randomly assigns participants or subjects into the various conditions
C)  participants or subjects are assigned to only one condition
D)  participants or subjects are assigned to all experimental conditions

Question 19

A ____________ variable can create a misleading relationship between the independent and dependent variable.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A ____________ variable can create a misleading...

Question 20

A study is called within-subject where:

Accepted Answer

A)  participants or subjects are not randomly assigned to conditions
B)  the researcher randomly assigns participants or subjects into the various conditions
C)  participants or subjects are assigned to only one condition
D)  participants or subjects are assigned to all experimental conditions

Exam 5: Thinking Critically and Developing Ideas

A hypothesis is the simplest explanation of previous observations that generates valid, testable predictions in other situations.

One problem with order effects is that some participants may withdraw from the experiment before completing all the conditions.This is known as:

The direction of causality cannot be inferred logically from non-experiments, which results in more than one possible causal explanation.

The simplest explanation of previous observations that generates valid, testable predictions in other situations is known as:

Studies in which participants or subjects are assigned to only one condition are called between-subjects or independent-groups experiments.

The types of complications that may challenge a theory include:

In non-experiments, participants are not ______________ to conditions or groups.

Vacuous support for arguments is a flaw demonstrated when writers use emotional allegation, rather than objective arguments, to dismiss their opposition.

A problem with organising and presenting theories chronologically is that:

Where a writer declares that a revered person has expressed a supporting opinion it may be a flaw known as:

Where a third variable influences both the independent and the dependent variables it is said to be:

If the measure is not valid, it implies that it might not be measuring the variable that it claims to be measuring.

Where a writer declares that no contradictory findings have been observed it may be a flaw known as:

Studies in which participants or subjects are assigned to only one condition are called between-subjects or __________-groups experiments.

Contradictory findings refers to observations that do not support the __________.

Misrepresentation of the opposition is a flaw demonstrated when a writer describes a faulty version of opposing arguments, called a___________.

To be intellectually sceptical means:

Experiments, in general, include any research in which:

A ____________ variable can create a misleading relationship between the independent and dependent variable.

A study is called within-subject where: