Question 1

When people are setting goals, the core question is, ____.When people are pursuing goals, the core question is, ____.

Accepted Answer

A) 'Why should I do it?'; 'Is it culturally desirable?' 
B) 'Why should I do it?'; 'How do I do it?' 
C) 'Is it culturally desirable?'; 'Why should I do it?' 
D) 'Is it culturally desirable?'; 'How do I do it?'

Question 2

____ occurs when people think they will fail so they quit trying to succeed.

Accepted Answer

A) Risk aversion 
B) Error management 
C) Learned helplessness 
D) Goal shielding

Question 3

The so-called Zeigarnik effect refers to the tendency for people ____.

Accepted Answer

A) to experience automatic, intrusive thoughts about a goal when pursuit of that goal has been interrupted 
B) to make overly optimistic plans, failing to make allowances for unexpected events or problems 
C) to feel relatively less stress or suffering when they think that they have the option of escaping from a situation (compared to when they think they do not have the option of escaping) 
D) to give greater weight to potential losses than to potential gains when making decisions

Question 4

Habits are largely controlled by the ____ system.

Accepted Answer

A) automatic 
B) conscious 
C) deliberate 
D) emotional

Question 5

Miranda has taken isiZulu for years and is very good at it.Nonetheless, she just enrolled in Intermediate isiZulu (which will be easy for her) rather than Advanced isiZulu (which will be slightly challenging but not impossible).It is probably safe to assume that Miranda ____.

Accepted Answer

A) is an incremental theorist 
B) is an entity theorist 
C) is focused on low levels of meaning in identifying this action 
D) is focused on high levels of meaning in identifying this action

Question 6

According to ____ theory, when it comes to dating and mating members of the opposite sex, men will take advantage of every opportunity to pass along their genes.

Accepted Answer

A) error management 
B) self-determination 
C) reactance 
D) risk aversion

Question 7

Which statement about free will is BEST supported by your text?

Accepted Answer

A) Absolute free will is important to social behaviour. 
B) Relative free will is important to social behaviour. 
C) Absolute free will is not important to social behaviour. 
D) Relative free will is not important to social behaviour.

Question 8

Because attending university involves the ability to make immediate sacrifices for later rewards, it is sometimes thought of as a very long exercise in ____.

Accepted Answer

A) goal shielding 
B) incremental awareness 
C) the capacity to delay gratification 
D) learned helplessness

Question 9

Jaco has a long-term goal of becoming a neurologist.At the moment, though, he is only seven years old.He therefore also has several 'stepping stone goals' (finishing high school, going to college, going to medical school, etc.).That is, Jaco has a complete ____.

Accepted Answer

A) hierarchy of goals 
B) action identification system 
C) incremental system map 
D) self-determination map

Question 10

Self-determination theory states that people have an innate need ____.

Accepted Answer

A) to set life goals 
B) to achieve their goals 
C) to feel that they are better than other people 
D) to feel at least some degree of autonomy and internal motivation

Question 11

Based on the information about suicide in the text, which of the following statements would be MOST likely to appear in a suicide note?

Accepted Answer

A) 'I don't think I was ever loved as a child.' 
B) 'I think that human beings are born to be evil.' 
C) 'Please be sure that Mom remembers to take the dog to the vet this week.' 
D) 'I believe that World War III will break out any day now.'

Question 12

Nirosha believes that traits and abilities as fixed at birth and remain the same no matter what.By contrast, Tumi believes that people develop their traits and abilities across time, and that they can become better and better with practice.Social psychologists would say that Nirosha is a(n) ____ while Tumi is a(n) ____.

Accepted Answer

A) collectivist; individualist 
B) individualist; collectivist 
C) incremental theorist; entity theorist 
D) entity theorist; incremental theorist

Question 13

Reactance theory and self-determination theory both suggest that a sense of freedom and autonomy is important to people.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

The existence of absolute free will is undisputed amongst social psychologists.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Suppose that you went out on two dates with someone from one of your classes.You were not crazy about the person, but you did not dislike the person either.You thought that you would just wait and see how things turned out.Surprisingly, however, the person sent you an e-mail after your second date and wrote: 'I just don't think we have good chemistry, but it was nice meeting you! Good bye!' All of a sudden, the person becomes much more attractive to you.You wonder what you did wrong, and you strategise about how to get another chance.You are most likely experiencing ____.

Accepted Answer

A) temporal discounting 
B) reactance 
C) the reciprocity bias 
D) the omission bias

Question 16

Personal projects, or personal strivings, are also known as ____.

Accepted Answer

A) levels of meaning 
B) monitoring 
C) goals 
D) forms of self-reference

Question 17

William James, the father of American psychology, once wrote: 'Thinking is for doing'.What did he mean by this?

Accepted Answer

A) The human brain probably developed its current cognitive abilities in large part to enable effective decision-making and to facilitate behaviour. 
B) People typically engage in conscious thought only when engaged in a task (e.g., only when solving a puzzle, trying to construct an argument, or making a decision about something). 
C) Every behaviour that a person engages in implies a particular thought or set of thoughts; researchers can therefore infer thoughts from behaviours. 
D) Because the primary role of thoughts is simply to plan behaviours, the proper focus of study for psychologists is behaviours themselves (and not thoughts).

Question 18

Suicide is commonly thought to involve a trade-off between death, which people think will bring ____, and future life, which ____.

Accepted Answer

A) peace from suffering; people are looking forward to 
B) peace from suffering; could turn out to be good 
C) pain and suffering; people expect to be terrible 
D) pain and suffering; could turn out to be good

Question 19

Research on proximal goals, distal goals, and goal hierarchies suggests that MOST people ____.

Accepted Answer

A) have goal hierarchies (including proximal goals and distal goals) 
B) have proximal goals but not distal goals 
C) have distal goals but not proximal goals 
D) have either proximal goals or distal goals (but not both)

Question 20

Goal shielding is the ability to block off consciousness from thinking about one goal to allow a person to focus on the immediate goal at hand.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 4: Choices and Actions: the Self in Control

When people are setting goals, the core question is, .When people are pursuing goals, the core question is, .

____ occurs when people think they will fail so they quit trying to succeed.

The so-called Zeigarnik effect refers to the tendency for people ____.

Habits are largely controlled by the ____ system.

Miranda has taken isiZulu for years and is very good at it.Nonetheless, she just enrolled in Intermediate isiZulu (which will be easy for her) rather than Advanced isiZulu (which will be slightly challenging but not impossible) .It is probably safe to assume that Miranda ____.

According to ____ theory, when it comes to dating and mating members of the opposite sex, men will take advantage of every opportunity to pass along their genes.

Which statement about free will is BEST supported by your text?

Because attending university involves the ability to make immediate sacrifices for later rewards, it is sometimes thought of as a very long exercise in ____.

Jaco has a long-term goal of becoming a neurologist.At the moment, though, he is only seven years old.He therefore also has several 'stepping stone goals' (finishing high school, going to college, going to medical school, etc.) .That is, Jaco has a complete ____.

Self-determination theory states that people have an innate need ____.

Based on the information about suicide in the text, which of the following statements would be MOST likely to appear in a suicide note?

Reactance theory and self-determination theory both suggest that a sense of freedom and autonomy is important to people.

The existence of absolute free will is undisputed amongst social psychologists.

Personal projects, or personal strivings, are also known as ____.

William James, the father of American psychology, once wrote: 'Thinking is for doing'.What did he mean by this?

Suicide is commonly thought to involve a trade-off between death, which people think will bring , and future life, which .

Research on proximal goals, distal goals, and goal hierarchies suggests that MOST people ____.

Goal shielding is the ability to block off consciousness from thinking about one goal to allow a person to focus on the immediate goal at hand.