Question 1

When Louis was a child, he really liked the smell of the rose-scented perfume his mother used to wear. He came to associate that scent with snuggles and hugs from his mom. As an adult, Louis likes any floral scent, including the smell of lilacs and wildflowers. This example illustrates the classical conditioning process of

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus generalisation. 
B)  stimulus discrimination. 
C)  preparedness. 
D)  spontaneous recovery.

Question 2

Stimulus discrimination occurs when an organism has learned a response to a specific stimulus and does NOT respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

The newest winning numbers in the state lottery are announced on the local television station every Saturday night, at the end of the news hour. People who are watching for the lottery numbers will have their "watching" reinforced on

Accepted Answer

A)  a fixed-ratio schedule. 
B)  a variable-ratio schedule. 
C)  a variable-interval schedule. 
D)  a fixed-interval schedule.

Question 4

____________________ reinforcement occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a desirable stimulus; while ____________________ reinforcement occurs when a response is strengthened as the result of the removal of an unpleasant stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ____________________ reinforcement occurs when a response is...

Question 5

Your teenage daughter has not cleaned her room in a month. You go in and begin yelling at her to clean her room. She begins to clean up, and you stop yelling. Your daughter's cleaning behaviour can be viewed as responding to

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning. 
B)  positive reinforcement. 
C)  punishers. 
D)  negative reinforcement.

Question 6

A small enclosure used by psychologists to study learning in which an animal can make a specific response that is recorded while the consequences are systematically controlled is known as a

Accepted Answer

A)  Watson maze. 
B)  Skinner box. 
C)  classical conditioning chamber. 
D)  cumulative recorder.

Question 7

The type of learning that occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others who are called models is

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning. 
B)  modelling. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  classical conditioning.

Question 8

Observational learning occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called ____________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Observational learning occurs when an organism's responding...

Question 9

Resistance to extinction occurs when a previously extinguished response reappears after a period of non-exposure to the conditioned stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

When a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus it is called

Accepted Answer

A)  punishment. 
B)  positive reinforcement. 
C)  negative reinforcement. 
D)  secondary reinforcement.

Question 11

The application of conditioning principles to solve behaviour problems is generally known as

Accepted Answer

A)  behaviour modification. 
B)  cognitive engineering. 
C)  modelling. 
D)  insight training.

Question 12

A previously neutral stimulus, that through conditioning acquires the capacity to evoke a response, is

Accepted Answer

A)  a conditioned stimulus. 
B)  an unconditioned stimulus. 
C)  an unconditioned response. 
D)  a conditioned response.

Question 13

After watching his father wash the car, five-year-old Bob washes his bike. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  superstitious behaviour. 
B)  classical conditioning. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  positive reinforcement.

Question 14

In classical conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus is

Accepted Answer

A)  an unlearned reaction to a stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning. 
B)  a learned reaction to a stimulus that occurs as a result of previous conditioning. 
C)  a stimulus that evokes a response without previous conditioning. 
D)  a previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to evoke a learned response.

Question 15

One Saturday, Clayton was sitting at home when the telephone rang. A local company was making promotional calls and told Clayton he had just won a R500 gift certificate. He felt a rush of excitement at the thought of what he could do with R500. Now Clayton finds that whenever he hears a telephone ring, he feels a little surge of excitement. In this example, the conditioned response is

Accepted Answer

A)  the surge of excitement that Clayton feels whenever he hears a telephone ring. 
B)  the ringing of a telephone. 
C)  the news that he had just won a R500 gift certificate. 
D)  the rush of excitement he felt when he won the certificate.

Question 16

The existence of biological constraints on learning such as preparedness and conditioned taste aversions reflects the unifying theme in psychology that

Accepted Answer

A)  psychology is theoretically diverse. 
B)  our behaviour is shaped by our cultural heritage. 
C)  heredity and environment jointly influence behaviour. 
D)  psychology is empirical.

Question 17

In classical conditioning the neutral stimulus becomes the ____________________ stimulus because of its association with the ____________________ stimulus.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In classical conditioning the neutral stimulus becomes...

Question 18

When as a young child you first realised that you could use money to buy sweets and cooldrinks, money began to become an effective

Accepted Answer

A)  secondary reinforcer. 
B)  primary reinforcer. 
C)  operant reinforcer. 
D)  classical reinforcer.

Question 19

In order to weaken or eliminate a conditioned response, you would present

Accepted Answer

A)  the US before the CS several times. 
B)  the CS alone several times. 
C)  the US alone several times. 
D)  extra pairings of the CS and US.

Question 20

Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to

Accepted Answer

A)  sing a song. 
B)  tie shoe laces. 
C)  print letters. 
D)  fear the dark.

Exam 6: Conditioning and Learning