Question 1

Fluoride ions can replace hydroxyl ions in the hydroxyapatite crystal lattice of teeth.This fluoridated hydroxyapatite,or fluorapatite,is more soluble and makes the tooth less resistant to demineralization.

Accepted Answer

A)  Both statements are true. 
B)  Both statements are false. 
C)  The first statement is true; the second is false. 
D)  The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 2

Bones contain one third of the body's magnesium.It is the third most prevalent mineral in teeth.

Accepted Answer

A)  Both statements are true. 
B)  Both statements are false. 
C)  The first statement is true; the second statement is false. 
D)  The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 3

Hypocalcemia,or deficient levels of calcium in the blood,can be caused by overdoses of cholecalciferol or excessive amounts of vitamin D preparations.Hypocalcemia results in tetany,a neuromuscular disorder.

Accepted Answer

A)  Both statements are true. 
B)  Both statements are false. 
C)  The first statement is true; the second is false. 
D)  The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 4

Each is true of requirements and recommendations for fluoride utilization,except one.Which is the exception?

Accepted Answer

A)  Adequate intake for all women is 3 mg/day. 
B)  Adequate intake for all men is 4 mg/day. 
C)  Average intake in the United States is 0.9 mg/day in areas without fluoridation. 
D)  The tolerable upper intake level for individuals over 9 years is 15 mg/day.

Question 5

Each is true of the calcium-to-phosphorus ratio,except one.Which is the exception?

Accepted Answer

A)  Serum (blood) calcium is relatively constant. 
B)  Each cell has a vital need for calcium. 
C)  Calcium imbalance occurs when calcium withdrawal from bones exceed deposits. 
D)  Decreased bone density caused by insufficient calcium occurs rapidly.

Question 6

The serum calcium-to-phosphorus ratio is an inverse relationship.If the calcium level increases,the phosphorus level will increase to match this level.

Accepted Answer

A)  Both statements are true. 
B)  Both statements are false. 
C)  The first statement is true; the second is false. 
D)  The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 7

Each is true of collagen as it relates to bone mineralization and growth,except one.Which is the exception?

Accepted Answer

A)  Collagen is a protein matrix. 
B)  Dentin, cementum, and bone originate with collagen deposition. 
C)  Collagen is the primary connective tissue fiber in the gingiva. 
D)  Collagen is the major organic constituent of alveolar bone. 
E)  Collagen is inorganic.

Question 8

Each is true of calcium within saliva,except one.Which is the exception?

Accepted Answer

A)  Saliva is supersaturated with calcium. 
B)  Saliva is a source of calcium to mineralize an immature of demineralized enamel surface. 
C)  Calcium and phosphate in saliva provide a buffering action. 
D)  Calcium within saliva increases dental caries.

Question 9

Each is true of fluoride,except one.Which is the exception?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fluoride is a nutrient essential for health. 
B)  It has no known metabolic function. 
C)  Saliva contains varying amounts of fluoride. 
D)  The amount of fluoride ingested has little effect on salivary levels.

Question 10

Periodontal disease can be exacerbated by a deficiency of calcium.Oral signs of osteoporosis may include increased density of the lamina dura.

Accepted Answer

A)  Both statements are true. 
B)  Both statements are false. 
C)  The first statement is true; the second is false. 
D)  The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 11

Inadequate calcium intake is NOT typically attributed to:

Accepted Answer

A)  uninformed choices. 
B)  the belief that adults do not need milk. 
C)  the belief that milk contributes too many calories. 
D)  mottled enamel. 
E)  economic hardships.

Question 12

Each statement is true,except one.Which is the exception?

Accepted Answer

A)  Teeth are composed of enamel, dentin, and cementum. 
B)  Approximately 20% of enamel is organic material. 
C)  Dentin lacks the osteoblasts and osteoclasts found in bone. 
D)  Enamel and dentin do not contain blood vessels or nerves.

Question 13

Which does NOT enhance absorption of calcium supplements?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sucrose 
B)  Dextrose 
C)  Lactose 
D)  Mineral oil

Question 14

Individuals should consume 30% of the daily value or 300 mg of calcium per serving three or four times daily because under normal conditions,less than one third of the calcium consumed is absorbed.

Accepted Answer

A)  Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. 
B)  Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related. 
C)  The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. 
D)  The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. 
E)  Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 15

Nourishment for the dentin is provided by:

Accepted Answer

A)  bioavailable calcium. 
B)  odontoblasts. 
C)  phosphorus. 
D)  osteoid.

Question 16

Rickets cannot occur when calcium levels are sufficient because formation of rickets is solely dependent upon blood (serum)calcium level.

Accepted Answer

A)  Both the statement and the reason are correct and related. 
B)  Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related. 
C)  The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct. 
D)  The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct. 
E)  Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 17

Consumption of soft drinks is often recommended to increase serum phosphorus levels.Hyperphosphatemia can be a risk factor cardiac disease.

Accepted Answer

A)  Both statements are true. 
B)  Both statements are false. 
C)  The first statement is true; the second is false. 
D)  The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 18

Which is NOT characteristic of fluoride?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fluoride stimulates osteoblast proliferation. 
B)  Fluoride increases new mineral deposition in cancellous bone. 
C)  It improves the density but not the strength of bone. 
D)  Fluoride decreases bone resorption.

Question 19

Phytochemicals,which are natural components of foods,are thought to decrease bone mineral density (BMD)by inhibiting remodeling of bone.Caffeine has a negative effect on BMD because it increases calcium excretion.

Accepted Answer

A)  Both statements are true. 
B)  Both statements are false. 
C)  The first statement is true; the second is false. 
D)  The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 20

The crystalline structure of enamel makes it:

Accepted Answer

A)  insoluble and resistant. 
B)  soluble and resistant. 
C)  insoluble and softer than dentin. 
D)  soluble and harder than dentin.

Exam 9: Minerals Essential for Calcified Structures

Fluoride ions can replace hydroxyl ions in the hydroxyapatite crystal lattice of teeth.This fluoridated hydroxyapatite,or fluorapatite,is more soluble and makes the tooth less resistant to demineralization.

Bones contain one third of the body's magnesium.It is the third most prevalent mineral in teeth.

Hypocalcemia,or deficient levels of calcium in the blood,can be caused by overdoses of cholecalciferol or excessive amounts of vitamin D preparations.Hypocalcemia results in tetany,a neuromuscular disorder.

Each is true of requirements and recommendations for fluoride utilization,except one.Which is the exception?

Each is true of the calcium-to-phosphorus ratio,except one.Which is the exception?

The serum calcium-to-phosphorus ratio is an inverse relationship.If the calcium level increases,the phosphorus level will increase to match this level.

Each is true of collagen as it relates to bone mineralization and growth,except one.Which is the exception?

Each is true of calcium within saliva,except one.Which is the exception?

Each is true of fluoride,except one.Which is the exception?

Periodontal disease can be exacerbated by a deficiency of calcium.Oral signs of osteoporosis may include increased density of the lamina dura.

Inadequate calcium intake is NOT typically attributed to:

Each statement is true,except one.Which is the exception?

Which does NOT enhance absorption of calcium supplements?

Individuals should consume 30% of the daily value or 300 mg of calcium per serving three or four times daily because under normal conditions,less than one third of the calcium consumed is absorbed.

Nourishment for the dentin is provided by:

Rickets cannot occur when calcium levels are sufficient because formation of rickets is solely dependent upon blood (serum) calcium level.

Consumption of soft drinks is often recommended to increase serum phosphorus levels.Hyperphosphatemia can be a risk factor cardiac disease.

Which is NOT characteristic of fluoride?

Phytochemicals,which are natural components of foods,are thought to decrease bone mineral density (BMD) by inhibiting remodeling of bone.Caffeine has a negative effect on BMD because it increases calcium excretion.

The crystalline structure of enamel makes it: