Question 1

Compared to continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement results in _______ learning that is _______ to extinguish.

Accepted Answer

A) faster; harder 
B) slower; harder 
C) faster; easier 
D) slower; easier 
E) faster; equally difficult

Question 2

Which of the following best describes charted data for a variable interval schedule of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A) slight dip in responses after reinforcement 
B) slow, steady rate of response 
C) responses decrease after an initial steep increase 
D) fast, steady rates of response 
E) responses pause after each reinforcement

Question 3

Through classical conditioning, Eduardo has developed a fear of dogs. However, he only fears large, longhaired dogs but not small, longhaired dogs or large, shorthaired dogs. Eduardo is demonstrating

Accepted Answer

A) spontaneous recovery. 
B) stimulus discrimination. 
C) stimulus generalization. 
D) latent learning. 
E) extinction.

Question 4

Although Hannah knows that praise strengthens desirable behavior in children, she is not sure what specific strategies she should use. Which of the following guidelines should Hannah follow?

Accepted Answer

A) Reward the outcome, not the effort. 
B) Show a serious expression when giving praise to underscore the importance of the behavior. 
C) Combine physical contact with verbal praise. 
D) Give general praise for all accomplishments to build overall self-esteem. 
E) Repeat praise regularly.

Question 5

Classical conditioning can explain the development of all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A) aversions to particular foods. 
B) phobias. 
C) positive or negative emotions. 
D) drug cravings during withdrawal. 
E) complex, voluntary behaviors.

Question 6

A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response performed after a specific amount of time has passed is reinforced is called a

Accepted Answer

A) fixed-ratio schedule. 
B) fixed-interval schedule. 
C) variable-interval schedule. 
D) variable-ratio schedule. 
E) continuous reinforcement schedule.

Question 7

An "Open" sign in the window of a store that tells Ivan he can go in to purchase a beverage he finds particularly reinforcing. In this example, the sign serves as a

Accepted Answer

A) primary reinforcer. 
B) discriminative stimulus. 
C) conditioned reinforcer. 
D) conditioned stimulus. 
E) secondary reinforcer.

Question 8

Regarding Rescorla's views on classical conditioning, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A) Rescorla believes that classical conditioning depends on how reliably the CS serves as a signal for indicating the occurrence of the US. 
B) Rescorla believes that classical conditioning is the result of repeated pairings of NS and US. 
C) Rescorla's perspective on classical conditioning can be described as cognitive. 
D) Rescorla suggests that the more reliably the CS signals the occurrence of the US, the stronger the conditioned response. 
E) Rescorla believed that classical conditioning has important survival implications for animals.

Question 9

An acquired fear response is called

Accepted Answer

A) a conditioned emotional reaction. 
B) a reconditioned phobia. 
C) a higher-order conditioned response. 
D) a discriminative response. 
E) a form of superstitious behavior.

Question 10

Stimulus generalization occurs when

Accepted Answer

A) the conditioned response reappears after extinction. 
B) the conditioned response is displayed following exposure to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus. 
C) the conditioned response is not displayed following presentation of the conditioned stimulus. 
D) the conditioned stimulus elicits responses that are generally like the conditioned response. 
E) the conditioned stimulus generalizes to other settings.

Question 11

Which of the following does NOT belong?

Accepted Answer

A) observation 
B) modeling 
C) vicarious learning 
D) conditioned stimulus 
E) imitation

Question 12

Learning that occurs without apparent reinforcement and is not revealed in performance when it occurs is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A) insight learning. 
B) classical conditioning. 
C) spontaneous recovery. 
D) latent learning. 
E) shaping.

Question 13

The most surprising element in Garcia's research on taste aversion was that

Accepted Answer

A) animals were sickened by radiation. 
B) animals would avoid drinking water. 
C) animals would drink even if they were sick. 
D) conditioned taste aversion could be developed even when the CS occurred several hours before the US. 
E) conditioned taste aversion could be developed only when the US immediately followed the CS.

Question 14

Which of the following people is on a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A) Phillip, who is playing a slot machine at a casino 
B) Colette, whose teacher uses pop quizzes 
C) Jim, whose professor schedules three exams for the semester, one for every five weeks 
D) Elissa, who receives a monthly performance evaluation 
E) Angela, who receives compensation for every student she recruits for her college

Question 15

Mr. Bonoir gives students stars on their homework when it is done well. A student can exchange 10 stars for a treat. This is a form of

Accepted Answer

A) token economy. 
B) biofeedback. 
C) shaping. 
D) insight learning. 
E) programmed instruction.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the nature of learning?

Accepted Answer

A) Learning is always adaptive. It involves enduring, but not necessarily permanent, changes in behavior. 
B) Learning is always adaptive. It involves permanent changes in behavior. 
C) Learning is adaptive in most cases. It involves enduring, but not necessarily permanent, changes in behavior. 
D) Learning is adaptive in most cases. It involves permanent changes in behavior. 
E) Learning is adaptive in most cases. It involves any type of change in behavior.

Question 17

Watson investigated the classical conditioning of which type of responses?

Accepted Answer

A) anger 
B) sadness 
C) happiness 
D) fear 
E) sexual arousal

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A) A mother picks up her infant when he cries, which then stops his crying, thereby reducing the mother's level of annoyance. 
B) A father picks up his infant when she cries, thereby increasing the likelihood that she will cry to be picked up again in the future. 
C) A grandmother gives her granddaughter a "time out" when she misbehaves, thereby leading the granddaughter to calm down. 
D) A grandfather gives his grandson $10 for every "A" on his report card, thereby strengthening his grandson's study habits. 
E) A caregiver removes a child from the "block play center" when he is throwing blocks, thereby causing him to cry.

Question 19

Which of the following psychologists is most likely to apply a cognitive perspective to research on classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) Dr. Amir, who believes that the stronger the CS, the stronger the CR. 
B) Dr. Harding, who believes the frequency of the pairings of the CS and US are the most important factor explaining strength of the CR. 
C) Dr. Rivers, who believes that conditioned stimuli are signals or cues organisms use to make predictions about the environment. 
D) Dr. Smithers, who believes that reducing the interval between the CS and US will help strengthen the CR. 
E) Dr. Runes, who believes that the ability to think or conceptualize is the key factor in explaining the strength of association between the CS and the CR.

Question 20

Zorba gives his dog a treat for rolling over. Zorba explains this procedure as a form of

Accepted Answer

A) conditioned reinforcement. 
B) punishment. 
C) negative reinforcement. 
D) positive reinforcement. 
E) classical conditioning.

Exam 5: Learning

Compared to continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement results in _ learning that is _ to extinguish.