Question 1

David Greenberg has suggested that some judges may be concerned about changes in the racial/ethnic makeup of a community and display __________  racism in their sentencing decisions.

Accepted Answer

unconscious

Question 2

The task of assessing the effect of race on sentencing is complicated by the _________, which critics contend has been fought primarily in minority communities.

Accepted Answer

A)  war on poverty
B)  war on terrorism
C)  war on drugs
D)  war on crime C

Question 3

Steven Spitzer used the term "_________" to characterize that segment of the deviant population that is viewed as particularly threatening and dangerous.

Accepted Answer

A)  social prejudice
B)  social inequality
C)  social dynamics
D)  social dynamite D

Question 4

Studies conducted from the 1930s through the 1960s generally concluded that racial disparities in sentencing reflected __________ racial discrimination.

Accepted Answer

A)  indirect
B)  overt
C)  economic
D)  contextual

Question 5

Some researchers, building on Kalven and Zeisel's "liberation hypothesis," assert that African Americans will be sentenced more harshly than whites in:

Accepted Answer

A)  all cases
B)  no cases
C)  more serious cases
D)  less serious cases

Question 6

Steffensmeier and Demuth's study of race and sentencing in Pennsylvania revealed that ________________had the highest likelihood of being incarcerated.

Accepted Answer

A)  African Americans
B)  Whites
C)  Hispanics
D)  Asian Americans

Question 7

Evaluate competing arguments regarding similarities and differences in the sentencing decisions of African American and white judges.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Evaluate competing arguments regarding similarities and differences...

Question 8

Recent studies examining racial disparity in sentencing have included _______________because of their popular image as "the model minority."

Accepted Answer

A)  Hispanics
B)  Asian Americans
C)  Native Americans
D)  Illegal Aliens

Question 9

Differential treatment of interracial and intraracial sexual assaults continued even after passage of the ________Amendment, which outlawed explicit statutory racial discrimination.

Accepted Answer

A)  Nineteenth
B)  Sixth
C)  Fifth
D)  Fourteenth

Question 10

The __________ hypothesis suggests that jurors deviate from fact-finding in cases in which the evidence against the defendant is weak or contradictory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The __________ hypothesis suggests that jurors deviate...

Question 11

Explain the changes in the sentencing differentiation between crack cocaine and powder cocaine.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain the changes in the sentencing differentiation...

Question 12

The liberation hypothesis suggests that jurors deviate from fact-finding in cases in which the evidence against the defendant is weak or contradictory.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

____________________is a legally relevant factor that may very well be "race-linked. "

Accepted Answer

A)  Place of residence
B)  Education
C)  Prior criminal record
D)  Socioeconomic status

Question 14

Steffensmeier and his colleagues argue that judges develop a __________ shorthand based on stereotypes and attributions that are linked to offender characteristics.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Steffensmeier and his colleagues argue that judges...

Question 15

Research examining the interactions of legally irrelevant sentencing factors has found that race, gender, and age do not have significant direct effects on sentence severity.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

According to Wood and May, research has shown that whites are more likely to believe that serving time in prison is less of a hassle than alternative forms of sentencing.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Ojmarrh Mitchell's meta-analysis of published research on race and sentencing found a larger effect size in jurisdictions without _________________.

Accepted Answer

A)  full-time public defenders
B)  pretrial release programs
C)  structured sentencing guidelines
D)  indeterminate sentencing

Question 18

According to the research on disparity and sentencing, racial minorities are sentenced more harshly when the victim is ________________.

Accepted Answer

A)  white
B)  poor
C)  female
D)  young

Question 19

Sentencing studies from the 1930s through the 1960s usually used __________ statistical techniques.

Accepted Answer

A)  bivariate
B)  inadequate
C)  unsophisticated
D)  multivariate

Question 20

The term social __________ characterizes that segment of the deviant population that is viewed as particularly threatening and dangerous.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The term social __________ characterizes that segment...

Exam 7: Race and Sentencing in Search of Fairness and Justice

David Greenberg has suggested that some judges may be concerned about changes in the racial/ethnic makeup of a community and display __________ racism in their sentencing decisions.

The task of assessing the effect of race on sentencing is complicated by the _________, which critics contend has been fought primarily in minority communities.

Steven Spitzer used the term "_________" to characterize that segment of the deviant population that is viewed as particularly threatening and dangerous.

Studies conducted from the 1930s through the 1960s generally concluded that racial disparities in sentencing reflected __________ racial discrimination.

Some researchers, building on Kalven and Zeisel's "liberation hypothesis," assert that African Americans will be sentenced more harshly than whites in:

Steffensmeier and Demuth's study of race and sentencing in Pennsylvania revealed that ________________had the highest likelihood of being incarcerated.

Evaluate competing arguments regarding similarities and differences in the sentencing decisions of African American and white judges.

Recent studies examining racial disparity in sentencing have included _______________because of their popular image as "the model minority."

Differential treatment of interracial and intraracial sexual assaults continued even after passage of the ________Amendment, which outlawed explicit statutory racial discrimination.

The __________ hypothesis suggests that jurors deviate from fact-finding in cases in which the evidence against the defendant is weak or contradictory.

Explain the changes in the sentencing differentiation between crack cocaine and powder cocaine.

The liberation hypothesis suggests that jurors deviate from fact-finding in cases in which the evidence against the defendant is weak or contradictory.

____________________is a legally relevant factor that may very well be "race-linked. "

Steffensmeier and his colleagues argue that judges develop a __________ shorthand based on stereotypes and attributions that are linked to offender characteristics.

Research examining the interactions of legally irrelevant sentencing factors has found that race, gender, and age do not have significant direct effects on sentence severity.

According to Wood and May, research has shown that whites are more likely to believe that serving time in prison is less of a hassle than alternative forms of sentencing.

Ojmarrh Mitchell's meta-analysis of published research on race and sentencing found a larger effect size in jurisdictions without _________________.

According to the research on disparity and sentencing, racial minorities are sentenced more harshly when the victim is ________________.

Sentencing studies from the 1930s through the 1960s usually used __________ statistical techniques.

The term social __________ characterizes that segment of the deviant population that is viewed as particularly threatening and dangerous.