Question 1

The so-called "A-B problem" refers to the fact that people's stated attitudes are often inconsistent with their behaviors.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

One's perceptions about whether significant others believe a person should perform a behavior or not refers to one's ____.

Accepted Answer

A) behavioral intention 
B) subjective norms 
C) perceived behavioral control 
D) dissonance level

Question 3

According to the text, what might best explain the development of prejudice against social groups that are frequently associated with negative information in the media, such as Muslims being associated with terrorism?

Accepted Answer

A) operant conditioning 
B) classical conditioning 
C) vicarious learning 
D) observational learning

Question 4

The mere exposure effect occurs for stimuli that are presented at a conscious level, but it does not occur for stimuli that are presented at a nonconscious (subliminal)level.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Henry's mother always praises him when he practices the piano and denies him dessert when he doesn't. Henry's mother is apparently employing techniques based on ____ in order to encourage her son to practice more.

Accepted Answer

A) operant conditioning 
B) classical conditioning 
C) social learning 
D) attitude polarization

Question 6

The act of comparing oneself to people who are worse off is called a(n)____.

Accepted Answer

A) downward comparison 
B) upward comparison 
C) post-decision dissonance 
D) effort justification

Question 7

Within a year after marrying, Kayla is unhappy in her marriage, yet she spends a lot of time talking to herself about how the marriage was the right thing for her to do. "It's better than being alone, and at least he isn't a total loser," she says to herself. Kayla is experiencing ________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Within a year after marrying, Kayla is...

Question 8

One of the reasons university officials have so much difficulty in eliminating hazing rituals is that ____.

Accepted Answer

A) group members believe they increase the strength of ties to the group 
B) the secrecy surrounding the rituals makes them difficult to eliminate 
C) group members believe they are entitled to set their own rules 
D) the rituals are really not that dangerous or humiliating anymore

Question 9

Ethan says that he likes rap music, but he never seems to listen to it when he is on his own, and he becomes visibly tense whenever rap is playing at a party. Thus, even though Ethan is outwardly favorable toward rap, it is probably case that he has a negative ________________ attitude toward it.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Ethan says that he likes rap music,...

Question 10

In 1959, Festinger and Carlsmith conducted a classic experiment in which they asked participants to tell a lie (about how interesting a very boring study was). The researchers paid participants either $1 or $20 to tell this lie. The same participants were then asked how interesting they really thought the study was. What did the researchers find?

Accepted Answer

A) There was no difference between those paid $1 and those paid $20; both said that the (very boring)study was indeed boring. 
B) There was no difference between those paid $1 and those paid $20; both said that the (very boring)study was in fact very interesting. 
C) Compared to those paid $1, those paid $20 rated the study as much more interesting. 
D) Compared to those paid $20, those paid $1 rated the study as much more interesting.

Question 11

Research on post-trauma coping suggests that-contrary to what many people think-blaming oneself for a trauma can, in some cases, help people recover. This seems to be because self-blame causes people to ____.

Accepted Answer

A) minimize the magnitude of the trauma 
B) seek out social support 
C) reflect on their life priorities 
D) feel a greater sense of control and empowerment

Question 12

When one Facebook user reads an article and likes it, ____.

Accepted Answer

A) the odds of others liking it are only modestly increased, by about 8% 
B) someone else who reads it is 32% more likely to also "like" it 
C) the odds of others liking it are increased, but only when there are relatively few likes, generally less than 15,000 
D) it can paradoxically decrease the likelihood that others will like it, because they do not want to be just one of the masses

Question 13

Suppose that Janine-who volunteers for a variety of environmental causes and frequently speaks on campus about the importance of recycling-decided to buy a gas-guzzling SUV last week. When is she most likely to try to rationalize her behavior?

Accepted Answer

A) If no one she knows owns the same vehicle 
B) If many people she knows own the same vehicle 
C) If she did not know about the SUV's poor mileage when she bought it 
D) If she experiences guilt or discomfort surrounding her purchase

Question 14

Zelda says that she likes dogs and that she is not afraid of them. But she gets visibly tense whenever a dog approaches, and refuses to visit any of her dog-owning friends at their homes. It appears that even though she says she likes dogs, Zelda has a negative ____ attitude toward them.

Accepted Answer

A) deliberate 
B) automatic 
C) conditioned 
D) unconditioned

Question 15

Paul is trying to train his puppy, Cupcake. He yells "Bad dog!" whenever Cupcake fails to do what he wants. Paul seems to be using ____.

Accepted Answer

A) operant conditioning 
B) classical conditioning 
C) social learning 
D) attitude polarization

Question 16

Research on effort justification and cognitive dissonance theory most directly suggests that ____.

Accepted Answer

A) fraternity "hazing" is an effective way to promote group loyalty 
B) most people engage in social loafing 
C) twelve-person juries are likely to come up with different verdicts than are juries with four or fewer people 
D) most people look to others when deciding how to behave in a group context

Question 17

Operant conditioning is also sometimes referred to as ____.

Accepted Answer

A) instrumental learning 
B) effort justification 
C) vicarious learning 
D) learning by example

Question 18

The fact that the gap between pro-condom attitudes and non-condom-using behaviors is larger among women than men best demonstrates ____.

Accepted Answer

A) effort justification 
B) post-decision dissonance 
C) attitude-behavior consistency 
D) attitude polarization

Question 19

Social psychologist John Bargh has stated that "we have yet to find something the mind regards with complete impartiality, without at least a mild judgment of liking or disliking." He was referring to ____.

Accepted Answer

A) the fact that people tend to automatically categorize others as "in-group" members or "outgroup" members 
B) the mere exposure effect 
C) the fact that people make unconscious, immediate evaluations of virtually everything they encounter 
D) belief perseverance

Question 20

People often have inconsistent automatic and deliberate attitudes but do not realize it. How is this possible?

Accepted Answer

A) People are consciously aware only of their deliberate attitudes. 
B) People are consciously aware only of their automatic attitudes. 
C) People are consciously aware of both their deliberate attitudes and their automatic attitudes, but use them at different times. 
D) People are consciously aware of neither their deliberate attitudes nor their automatic attitudes.

Exam 7: Attitudes, Beliefs, and Consistency