Question 1

Describe modeling theory and how this theory was supported by Bandura's study with Bobo dolls.

Accepted Answer

Modeling theory (or social learning theory) relies on the likelihood that people tend to reproduce the behaviors that they see others performing.Children have been repeatedly shown to reproduce quite specific behaviors modeled by adults.Bandura, for example, showed children an adult being physically aggressive to a Bobo doll.Children often copied the adult's violent behavior with great specificity.

Question 2

Madison is 3¹/₂ years old.According to Piaget, she:

Accepted Answer

A)   has no explicit awareness of rules
B)   has an understanding of simple rules
C)   sees rules as unchanging and external
D)   sees rules as human agreements that can be changed A

Question 3

Studies that include women from a broad spectrum of socioeconomic groups, including women from disadvantaged minorities, find that:

Accepted Answer

A)   justice-oriented reasoning tends to dominate among both sexes
B)   large differences exist between men and women, with women using more justice-oriented reasoning
C)   large differences exist between men and women, with women using more care-oriented reasoning
D)   care-oriented reasoning tends to dominate among both sexes A

Question 4

Gilligan proposed a three-stage sequence of moral development:

Accepted Answer

A)   in which females and males progress at the same rate
B)   in which females tend to progress more rapidly than males
C)   in which males tend to progress more rapidly than females
D)   which applies only to males and not females

Question 5

The concrete operational stage roughly corresponds with which of the following stages of moral reasoning?

Accepted Answer

A)   autonomous stage
B)   direct moral stage
C)   heteronomous stage
D)   premoral stage

Question 6

Nadiya is 9 years old.Which moral principle is she most likely to abide by?

Accepted Answer

A)   good boy/good girl orientation
B)   instrumental-relativist orientation
C)   principled conscience-driven orientation
D)   social contract orientation

Question 7

All of the following statements are true EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)   children who are diagnosed with conduct disorder regularly transgress in ways that impinge on other's rights
B)   children who are diagnosed with conduct disorder regularly act in ways that violate social norms
C)   children who are diagnosed with conduct disorder show a callous insensitivity in social interactions
D)   children who are diagnosed with conduct disorder show early antisocial behavior but the incidence of this behavior rapidly decreases with development

Question 8

In a study, children were led to believe that they had broken a toy belonging to the experimenter when he was out of the room.Those who appeared driven by shame did all the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)   responded similarly to children who seemed motivated by guilt
B)   avoided the experimenter when he returned
C)   did not tell the experimenter about the mishap
D)   did not try to fix the toy on their own

Question 9

Leo has a strong "gut feeling" about what is morally right and wrong in a particular situation but is unable to justify those feelings with higher-order reasoning.This phenomenon is referred to as:

Accepted Answer

A)   moral confounding
B)   moral dilemmas
C)   moral dumbfounding
D)   moral intuition

Question 10

All of the following are moral modules considered by Haidt and Joseph EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)   adaptive challenge
B)   immanent justice
C)   proper domain
D)   relevant virtues

Question 11

Researchers used an apparatus to measure cooperation and competition among children.Javier participated in this task in his small Mexican town.Jason participated in this task in Chicago.What is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

A)   Javier cooperated considerably more than Jason.
B)   Jason cooperated considerably more than Javier.
C)   Jason and Javier both cooperated to the same extent.
D)   Neither Jason nor Javier considered cooperating.

Question 12

Tracy is a swimmer.She is happy when her opponent slips and injures herself while getting out of the pool.This illustrates:

Accepted Answer

A)   anti-empathy
B)   scadohohn
C)   schadenfreude
D)   reverse-empathy

Question 13

Danielle focuses on care for others as well as care for herself.When making moral decisions, she considers both factors.According to Gilligan, Danielle would be in which stage?

Accepted Answer

A)   premoral
B)   preconventional
C)   conventional
D)   postconventional

Question 14

Justine is about to eat her sandwich at lunch.She realizes that the new girl at school did not bring lunch.Justine gives the girl her sandwich and just eats her apple for lunch.This is an illustration of:

Accepted Answer

A)   adaptive challenge
B)   altruism
C)   care-based reasoning
D)   emotional understanding

Question 15

Researchers examined preschoolers' ideas about social conventions, moral laws, and inviolable physical laws.They found:

Accepted Answer

A)   preschoolers cannot differentiate between social conventions, moral laws, or physical laws
B)   preschoolers understand the difference between physical laws and social conventions, but do not understand the difference between social conventions and moral laws
C)   preschoolers understand the difference between physical laws and moral laws, but do not understand the difference between physical laws and social conventions
D)   preschoolers understand the essential differences between social conventions, moral laws, and physical laws

Question 16

Dr.Fitch believes that there is no reason to consider moral thought because moral thoughts are largely afterthoughts, which occur after we commit a moral action.Dr.Fitch is likely a ________ theorist.

Accepted Answer

A)   cognitive
B)   ethological
C)   learning
D)   psychodynamic

Question 17

Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A)   The fundamental principle of both Kohlberg's theory and Gilligan's theory is that people should treat each other fairly.
B)   The fundamental principle of Kohlberg's theory is that people should help others who are in need or distress whereas Gilligan emphasized that people should treat each other fairly.
C)   The fundamental principle of Gilligan's theory is that people should help others who are in need or distress whereas Kohlberg emphasized that people should treat each other fairly.
D)   The fundamental principle of both Kohlberg's theory and Gilligan's theory is that people should help others who are in need or distress.

Question 18

Mrs.Smith caught Joyce cheating on her second grade math test.After math, the class went to the playground and Mrs.Smith caught Bill cheating in a game of tag.Research on consistency of moral behavior suggests that:

Accepted Answer

A)   Joyce was also cheating in tag
B)   Bill was also cheating on his math test
C)   Both children are likely to cheat in a variety of contexts
D)   Joyce's cheating on the test does not necessarily indicate cheating on the playground

Question 19

Marianne drops her keys on the floor and unsuccessfully reaches for them.Her son, Diego, sees that his mother needs help reaching her keys.Diego tries to help his mother even though there are not obvious benefits to him.This illustrates ________ helping.

Accepted Answer

A)   constructivist
B)   empathetic
C)   instrumental
D)   social intuitional

Question 20

Piaget described a series of moral scenarios to children and asked them to judge the culpability of the child in the story.Provide an example of such a story.Describe how a child in the heteronomous stage would likely respond to two stories-one with neutral intentions and major negative consequences and one with negative intentions and minor negative consequences.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Piaget described a series of moral scenarios...

Exam 12: Morality in Thought and Action