Question 1

A multiple-baseline across behaviors design consists of ____ baseline phase(s) and ____ treatment phase(s) for each behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  one; one 
B)  one; two 
C)  two; one 
D)  two; two

Question 2

When the observations in the initial baseline phase show a trend in the direction of improved behavior, the researcher should ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  administer the treatment immediately 
B)  manipulate the environment until the change stops 
C)  increase the intensity of the treatment 
D)  refrain from introducing the treatment

Question 3

In single-case research, unstable data ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  make differences between treatment phases and baseline phases clear 
B)  make it possible to define a pattern within a phase 
C)  make it impossible to determine whether a change in phases produces a change in pattern 
D)  make it easier to prove a causal relationship

Question 4

Single-case designs provide data that can be evaluated with traditional tests of significance.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

In a multiple-baseline design, there is only one phase change, from baseline to treatment.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

In a single-case design when no treatment is being administered, the observations are called ____ observations.

Accepted Answer

A)  no-treatment 
B)  baseline 
C)  treatment 
D)  random

Question 7

Behavior that shows a consistent increase from one observation to the next during a baseline phase is an example of unstable behavior.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

If a clinician wanted to determine whether a specific treatment causes a change in a client's behavior, a single-case design could be used.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

A healthy-eating program requires participants to eat a large amount of fruits and vegetables. In the first phase, the researcher observes the participants while they eat their normal diet. In the next phase, the researcher adds fruits, then adds vegetables in the following phase. After making the appropriate levels of observations, the researcher returns the participants to the baseline phase and then repeats the process of adding first fruits and then adding vegetables as well. Which research design is this researcher using?

Accepted Answer

A)  ABAB design 
B)  Multiple-baseline across subjects design 
C)  Multiple-baseline across situations design 
D)  Component-analysis design

Question 10

In single-case studies, researchers often rely on clinical significance rather than statistical significance.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

In a graph of the results from an ABAB reversal design, which feature justifies a conclusion that the treatment causes changes in behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  The size of the change in behavior when the treatment is first introduced 
B)  The time delay between the introduction of the treatment and the first change in magnitude of change 
C)  A permanent change in behavior that continues even after the treatment is withdrawn 
D)  A demonstration that behavior changes consistently when the treatment is introduced, withdrawn, and introduced again

Question 12

Describe the purpose of a phase within a single-case experiment and the ways to define a pattern within a phase.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the purpose of a phase within...

Question 13

A teacher has created a program for improving homework submission. Most children who complete the two-week program permanently improve their frequency of homework submission. Suppose the teacher decided to evaluate the program with a single-case design. Which design would be most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

A)  ABAB design 
B)  Multiple-baseline design 
C)  Alternating-treatments design 
D)  Changing-criterion design

Question 14

Explain how practical or clinical significance differs from statistical significance and why single-case studies typically rely on the former rather than the latter.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain how practical or clinical significance differs...

Question 15

Dr. Mendezis trying to reduce Tamar's "talk out" behaviors, first at school and then at home. Which research design is she most likely to use?

Accepted Answer

A)  ABAB 
B)  Multiple-baseline across behaviors 
C)  Multiple-baseline across situations 
D)  Multiple-baseline across subjects

Question 16

An ABAB design is preferred to a multiple-baseline design if the treatment is expected to have a permanent or long lasting effect.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

A multiple-baseline design requires two groups of participants.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Single-cases research studies tend to have ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  practical significance even though they do not have statistical significance 
B)  statistical significance even though they do not have practical significance 
C)  both practical and statistical significance 
D)  neither practical nor statistical significance

Question 19

Single-case research (compared to group designs) cannot demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship with only one participant.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using visual inspection of graphs rather than statistics to evaluate the significance of the results.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using...

Exam 14: Single-Case Experimental Research Designs

A multiple-baseline across behaviors design consists of baseline phase(s) and treatment phase(s) for each behavior.

When the observations in the initial baseline phase show a trend in the direction of improved behavior, the researcher should ____.

In single-case research, unstable data ____.

Single-case designs provide data that can be evaluated with traditional tests of significance.

In a multiple-baseline design, there is only one phase change, from baseline to treatment.

In a single-case design when no treatment is being administered, the observations are called ____ observations.

Behavior that shows a consistent increase from one observation to the next during a baseline phase is an example of unstable behavior.

If a clinician wanted to determine whether a specific treatment causes a change in a client's behavior, a single-case design could be used.

In single-case studies, researchers often rely on clinical significance rather than statistical significance.

In a graph of the results from an ABAB reversal design, which feature justifies a conclusion that the treatment causes changes in behavior?

Describe the purpose of a phase within a single-case experiment and the ways to define a pattern within a phase.

A teacher has created a program for improving homework submission. Most children who complete the two-week program permanently improve their frequency of homework submission. Suppose the teacher decided to evaluate the program with a single-case design. Which design would be most appropriate?

Explain how practical or clinical significance differs from statistical significance and why single-case studies typically rely on the former rather than the latter.

Dr. Mendezis trying to reduce Tamar's "talk out" behaviors, first at school and then at home. Which research design is she most likely to use?

An ABAB design is preferred to a multiple-baseline design if the treatment is expected to have a permanent or long lasting effect.

A multiple-baseline design requires two groups of participants.

Single-cases research studies tend to have ____.

Single-case research (compared to group designs) cannot demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship with only one participant.

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using visual inspection of graphs rather than statistics to evaluate the significance of the results.